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Showing papers on "Styrene-butadiene published in 2013"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a two-step method (TSM) to investigate the modification process in detail, and the results exhibited the advantages of TSM, and also revealed that 8% TESPT amount was suitable than 12% and 15%.

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of anatase TiO2 electrodes made using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder, alone and in combination with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), has been investigated.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)-polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) based binder was developed for an electrochemical system that is not compatible with the conventional N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent used to cast most Li-ion electrode slurries.
Abstract: A styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)–polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) based binder system has been developed for an electrochemical system that is not compatible with the conventional N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent used to cast most Li-ion electrode slurries. This polymer system's binding properties decouple the mechanical and ionic-transport properties. It demonstrates comparable mechanical properties to SBR-based electrodes and cell performance to traditional PVDF-based electrodes. This new binder design however enables the incorporation of stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP) into a graphite anode to improve its first cycle coulombic efficiency.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the fundamental data, challenges, and recent advances in the research area of homogeneous hydrogenation of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) is provided in this article.
Abstract: Hydrogenation of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) is an important research topic in the field of chemical modification of unsaturated polymers. This review provides an overview of the fundamental data, challenges, and recent advances in the research area of homogeneous hydrogenation of NBR. Besides NBR and its hydrogenation product HNBR, some other important elastomers such as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-polystyrene (SBS block copolymer), and natural rubber (NR) were also involved for the related hydrogenation reactions and characterization. A brief comparison of hydrogenation catalysts including the heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts was first conducted and the importance of rhodium (Rh) complex catalysts for homogeneous hydrogenation of elastomers was addressed. This article continued to discuss the reaction pathways for realization of the homogeneous hydrogenation of NBR. This was followed by an examination of the microstructures and chara...

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model acknowledging reaction kinetics and thermal conduction during waste end-of-life (ELT) tyre pyrolysis was developed based on the individual consideration of elastomers, namely natural (NR), butadiene (BR) and styrene-butadiene(SBR) rubber; fabric, that is rayon, nylon and aramid; and wire.

76 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A series of carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber (XSBR)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) latex composites were successfully prepared and exhibited significant enhancement in tensile strength and tear strength.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, composites of styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer with multiwall carbon nanotubes were processed by solution casting to investigate the influence of filler content, the different ratios of syrene/butadienes in the copolymers and the architecture of the SBS matrix on the electrical, mechanical and electro-mechanical properties of the composites.
Abstract: Composites of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) block copolymer with multiwall carbon nanotubes were processed by solution casting to investigate the influence of filler content, the different ratios of styrene/butadiene in the copolymer and the architecture of the SBS matrix on the electrical, mechanical and electro-mechanical properties of the composites. It was found that filler content and elastomer matrix architecture influence the percolation threshold and consequently the overall composite electrical conductivity. The mechanical properties are mainly affected by the styrene and filler content. Hopping between nearest fillers is proposed as the main mechanism for the composite conduction. The variation of the electrical resistivity is linear with the deformation. This fact, together with the gauge factor values in the range of 2–18, results in appropriate composites to be used as (large) deformation sensors.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Liangliang Qu1, Yu Guozhu1, Xie Ximing1, Wang Lili1, Li Jing1, Zhao Qingsong1 
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide (TESPT) content on the viscoelastic behavior of silica filled Solution Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SSBR) was carefully studied in terms of loss tangent spectrum and bound rubber content.
Abstract: In the present article, the influence of bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide (TESPT) content on the viscoelastic behavior of silica filled Solution Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SSBR) was carefully studied in terms of loss tangent spectrum and bound rubber content. The results showed that both relative tan δ area and tan δmax of filled SSBR with TESPT were detected to present maximum value at 2.5 wt% TESPT(with respect to silica loading). Larger tan δ area and tan δmax meant more chains participating in the glass transition in the present system, which is reflected by the variation of effective filler volume with TESPT content. The interaction between filler and rubber can be improved remarkably when a little amount of TESPT up to 2.5 wt% was incorporated, whereas as the TESPT content exceeds 2.5 wt% the filler–rubber interaction was weakened, which was also proven by TEM images and Payne effect. The bound rubber content of this SSBR system studied presents the same tendency as tan δmax. Once TESPT linked with rubber chains, the condensation reaction between silica and SCA is somewhat hindered because of the difficulty in diffusion of large molecules after SCA is chemically bonded with rubber molecules. The network structure of the filled SSBR was analyzed by applying elasticity model. The consecutive increase of crosslink density compensated the reduction of topological tube-like constrains and thus tensile strength continued to ascend with TESPT content, but sacrificed the ultimate strain. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1575–1582, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the elastic modulus of tri-block copolymer styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)/carbon nanotubes (CNT) prepared by solution casting has been investigated.
Abstract: Thermoplastic elastomer/carbon nanotube composites are studied for sensor applications due to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Piezoresisitive properties of tri-block copolymer styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)/carbon nanotubes (CNT) prepared by solution casting have been investigated. The initial elastic modulus of the SBS/CNT composites increases with increasing the CNT filler content present in the samples, without losing the high deformation capability of the polymer matrix (∼1500%). Furthermore, above the percolation threshold these materials are unique for the development of large deformation sensors due to the strong piezoresistive response. Piezoresistive properties evaluated by uniaxial stretching in tensile mode and 4-point bending showed gauge factors up to 120. The linearity obtained between strain and electrical resistance makes these composites interesting for large strain piezoresistive sensors applications.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In order to improve the dispersion of silica in rubber matrix and to avoid volatility and extractability of the antioxidants, antioxidant functionalized silica was synthesized through reaction of precipitated silica and antioxidant coupling agent which is synthesized by (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (A-187) and Nphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (PPDA).

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) mortar modified with the styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR) latex were investigated, and the heat of hydration evolution of mortar specimens was measured by means of a self adopted isoperibol calorimeter.
Abstract: This paper investigates properties of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) mortar modified with the styrene–butadiene-rubber (SBR) latex. This material may be advantageously applied as a rapid repair mortar. Mortar specimens were prepared with constant water-to-cement mass ratio; polymer solid content of latex was varied from 0% to 9%, and Li2CO3 was investigated as an accelerator. Specimens were treated at different curing conditions: 1, 7 days and transformation of metastable hydration products at 70 °C. The heat of hydration evolution of mortar specimens was measured by means of a self adopted isoperibol calorimeter. The measurement results indicate that SBR latex improves workability of fresh state mortar and retards nucleation and growth of hydration products. Due to polymer coagulation process and co-matrix formation permeability, stiffness and compressive strength decrease while adhesion strength to old concrete substrate, and flexural strength increase with amount of added latex.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a biochar made from woody waste feedstock with low-ash content was blended with carbon black as filler for styrene-butadiene rubber, at 10% total filler concentration (w/w), composites made fr...
Abstract: A biochar made from woody waste feedstock with low-ash content was blended with carbon black (CB) as filler for styrene–butadiene rubber. At 10% total filler concentration (w/w), composites made fr...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, three types of modified starches (MST): Starch-g-poly(butyl acrylate), starch-gpoly (methyl methacrylate) (ST-g)-PMMA, and starch-polystyrene (STg-PS) latexes were successfully synthesized by emulsion polymerization.
Abstract: Three types of modified starches (MST): Starch-g-poly(butyl acrylate) (ST-g-PBA), starch-g-poly (methyl methacrylate) (ST-g-PMMA) and starch-g-polystyrene (ST-g-PS) latexes were successfully synthesized by emulsion polymerization. These synthesized MST latexes were then directly compounded with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex in order to prepare MST/SBR compounds. The vulcanization characteristics, morphology, swelling ratio, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated. Results indicated that the incorporation of starch or MST led to both an increase in the torque values and the cure rate of SBR compounds. MST with a particle size of approximately 200–400 nm uniformly dispersed in the SBR matrix, indicating the significantly improved dispersion. MST/SBR compounds exhibited better mechanical properties compared with starch/SBR (ST/SBR) compounds. Among the MST/SBR compounds, ST-g-PMMA/SBR compounds showed optimum tensile strength, which was even higher than that of carbon black/SBR (CB/SBR) compounds with the same loading of fillers. Finally, the reinforcing mechanism of MST in the SBR matrix was discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
Suo Xiao1, Jianxiang Feng, Jin Zhu, Xi Wang1, Chunwang Yi1, Shengpei Su1 
TL;DR: In this paper, a lignin-layered double hydroxide (LDH) complex was synthesized by in situ method, and then styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/lignin -LDH composites were prepared by the melt compounding method.
Abstract: Lignin-layered double hydroxide (lignin-LDH) complex was synthesized by in situ method, and then styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/lignin-LDH composites were prepared by the melt compounding method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that crystal lignin-LDH was successfully obtained and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed well dispersion of lignin-LDH in SBR matrix. The tensile strength, elongation at break, 300% modulus and hardness of lignin-LDH/SBR were significantly improved compared to LDH/SBR composites. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the thermal degradation temperature of the lignin-LDH/SBR at 10% weight loss (T10) decreased whereas 50% weight loss (T50) was much higher than that of pristine LDH/SBR due to barrier property of the well dispersed Lignin-LDH in SBR matrix. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1308-1312, 2013

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a kind of modifier composed of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) was prepared by melt blending with different contents of linear low density-polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (LLDPE-g-MAH).


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a blend of natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) at different contents up to 10-phr were loaded into the blend of NR and SBR at different values of 10 -phr.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were modified using an ionic liquid (IL) and were admixed with a non-polar solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a nanocomposite based on solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) and naturally occurring tube-like nanoparticles called halloysite nanotubes (HNT) was described.
Abstract: We describe a nanocomposite based on solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) and naturally occurring tube-like nanoparticles called halloysite nanotubes (HNT). Highly hydrophilic HNT nanotubes were modified by different silane coupling agents namely diethoxydimethyl silane (DMS) and bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)­propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT) to ensure good dispersion of these nanoparticles in the hydrophobic SSBR matrix. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the functional groups on the surface of the HNT after the silane modification. Contact angle measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were also carried out to understand the extent of modification. The reinforcing effect of modified HNT in SSBR matrix was perceived from both static and dynamic mechanical properties. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the modified HNT filled SSBR nanocom...

Journal ArticleDOI
Abstract: The selective and quantitative sulfonation of polybutadiene (PB) and triblock copolymers polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-polystyrene (SBS) has been successfully obtained through a novel procedure consisting of two reaction steps carried out in a single batch: free radical addition of thiolacetic acid to olefinic double bonds followed by autocatalytic oxidation of the thioacetylated polymer with in situ generated organic peracids. The polymers resulting from the two reactions were fully characterized by NMR, FTIR, and elemental analysis; the ion exchange capacity (IEC) of the sulfonated polymers was assessed by elemental analysis and titration with NaOH. Critical desulfonation temperatures of the poly(alkylsulfonate)s were observed in the range 160–270 °C, whereas the thermal decomposition starts at about 380 °C. The TUNA-AFM analysis of a sample of SBS containing 79 mol % of alkylsulfonic groups showed a phase-separated morphology consisting of polystyrene domains of about 28 nm embedded in the sulfonated p...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of glass transition temperature (Tg) of miscible polymer blends of polybutadiene (PB) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was investigated using the self-consistent averaging method inspired by the Olroyd-Palierne model.
Abstract: At their glass transition, simple liquids and polymers exhibit a broad spectrum of relaxation—with a width of more than 4 decades in time. Blends of miscible polymers exhibit an even broader relaxation spectrum. Here, we assume that a blend can be considered as an ensemble of domains of various local glass transition temperatures. Using calorimetric data, with or without aging, we probe the distribution of glass transition temperature (Tg) of miscible polymer blends of polybutadiene (PB) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Using the self-consistent averaging method inspired by the Olroyd–Palierne model, we predict quantitatively, with no adjustable parameter, the viscoelastic spectrum of our blends from the Tg distribution obtained by calorimetry. This quantitative prediction confirms thus the assumption that mechanically a blend can be considered as an ensemble of domains, each of which have a different glass transition temperature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of styrene-butadiene rubber/carboxymethylcellulose (SBR/CMC) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) binders on the electrochemical characteristics of a type of microsize MCMB (mesocarbon microbeads) anode (SMA) at low temperature are investigated by cold/heat shock testing, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, coin cell testing and 18650 full cell testing.
Abstract: Effects of styrene-butadiene rubber/carboxymethylcellulose (SBR/CMC) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) binders on the electrochemical characteristics of a type of microsize MCMB (mesocarbon microbeads) anode (SMA) at low temperature are investigated by cold/heat shock testing, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, coin cell testing and 18650 full cell testing. Under low temperature conditions and compared to the SMA electrode with a SBR/CMC binder, the SMA electrode with a PVDF binder has lower impedance, lower charge transfer resistance, better rate capability and superior cycleability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, poly vinyl chloride/multi wall carbon nano tubes (PVC/MWCNTs) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared for gas separation, and the modified MMMs with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR-MMMs).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The microstructure and fracture performance of an anhydride-cured epoxy polymer modified with two poly(styrene)-b-1,4-poly(butadiene)-b-,poly(methyl methacrylate) (SBM) block copolymers were investigated in bulk form, and when used as the matrix material in carbon fibre reinforced composites as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The microstructure and fracture performance of an anhydride-cured epoxy polymer modified with two poly(styrene)-b-1,4-poly(butadiene)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (SBM) block copolymers were investigated in bulk form, and when used as the matrix material in carbon fibre reinforced composites. The ‘E21’ SBM block copolymer has a higher butadiene content and molecular weight than the ‘E41’. A network of aggregated spherical micelles was observed for the E21 SBM modified epoxy, which became increasingly interconnected as the SBM content was increased. A steady increase in the fracture energy was measured with increasing E21 content, from 96 to 511 J/m2 for 15 wt% of E21. Well-dispersed ‘raspberry’-like SBM particles, with a sphere-on-sphere morphology of a poly(styrene) core covered with poly(butadiene) particles, in an epoxy matrix were obtained for loadings up to 7.5 wt% of E41 SBM. This changed to a partially phase-inverted structure at higher E41 contents, accompanied by a significant jump in the measured fracture energy to 1032 J/m2 at 15 wt% of E41. The glass transition temperatures remained unchanged with the addition of SBM, indicating a complete phase separation. Electron microscopy and cross polarised transmission optical microscopy revealed localised shear band yielding, debonding and void growth as the main toughening mechanisms. Significant improvements in fracture energy were not observed in the fibre composites, indicating poor toughness transfer from the bulk to the composite. The fibre bridging observed for the unmodified epoxy matrix was reduced due to better fibre–matrix adhesion. The size of the crack tip deformation zone in the composites was restricted by the fibres, hence reducing the measured fracture energy compared to the bulk for the toughest matrix materials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple representation of a spherical rigid-phase surrounded by rubber gum and embedded in an homogeneous equivalent medium provides access to the effective volume fraction of fillers for a significant range of filler amount, and for materials in the glassy state.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the influence of various polymeric materials on the adhesion characteristics of a rapid setting, minimum defect mortar based upon a blend of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement and ordinary Portland cement (OPC).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) having three different lengths of 5, 30, and 100μm were added to silica-filled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds in order to investigate the effect of the CNT addition on the dynamic and electrical properties as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, microwave spectroscopy studies of graphene-based polymer-matrix composite materials subject to uniaxial elongation have been conducted and it is shown that the elasticity network of SBR polymer chains is significantly affected in the rubbery state by filling SBR with graphene and quartz particles.
Abstract: We report microwave spectroscopy studies of graphene-based polymer-matrix composite materials subject to uniaxial elongation. The samples were prepared via shear mixing under the same thermal processing conditions of amorphous styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with quartz grains on the order of micrometers in size and/or graphene sheets with thickness 10–20 nm and average lateral size 200 μm. An important result is the observation of a significant increase (up to 25%) in the effective microwave permittivity of hybridized nanocomposites comprising both quartz and graphene compared to the nanocomposites with quartz only. We suggest that the coating of quartz grains by graphene sheets is the most likely origin of this synergetic effect. In all cases, we also observe that the permittivity spectrum is unaffected by strain up to 8%. By examining the mechanical response, it is shown that the elasticity network of SBR polymer chains is significantly affected in the rubbery state by filling SBR with graphene and quartz particles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to predict SBR/NR devulcanization behavior in a co-rotating twin screw extruder.
Abstract: Recently, for reasons both economical and environmental, recycling of waste tires based on (styrene butadiene rubber)/(natural rubber) (SBR/NR) has been widely considered. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to predict SBR/NR devulcanization behavior in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. In this study, variable parameters were barrel temperature, screw configuration, and content of devulcanization agent. A Box-Behnken design for the three variables, at three levels, was chosen. The sol fraction of devulcanized rubber, Δtorque (difference between maximum and minimum curing torque), and mechanical properties of revulcanizate samples were considered as the responses. The results indicated that an increase of devulcanization agent content at a certain temperature caused the sol fraction to increase. Samples including a higher sol fraction showed a lower cross-link density. Sol fraction for high shear rate screw configuration was lower than that for other screw configurations. Tensile strength of revulcanized rubber showed a decrease with a rise of devulcanization temperature. Moreover, a relationship connecting the residence time in the extruder with stagger angle and length of different kneading blocks were obtained. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 19:65–72, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal decomposition behavior of styrene-butadiene rubber was studied using a system equipped with thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrum analysis.
Abstract: The thermal decomposition behavior of styrene-butadiene rubber was studied using a system equipped with thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. Two different experiments were conducted. From these experiments, thermogravimetric analysis results indicated a mass loss of 58 % in the temperature range of ~290–480 °C and a mass loss of 39 % in the temperature range beyond 600 °C. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of oxides, even at 1,000 °C, accounting for the Zn, Mg, Al, Si, and Ca in the original sample.