Topic
Submarine pipeline
About: Submarine pipeline is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2635 publications have been published within this topic receiving 21300 citations.
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors presented a risk-based accident model to conduct quantitative risk analysis (QRA) for leakage failure of submarine pipeline, which can provide a more case-specific and realistic analysis consequence compared to bow-tie method.
205 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors draw upon the experiences that can be gained from the existing CO2 pipeline networks to derive estimates of the risk of CO2 releases from CO2 transmission pipelines; the results show that such pipelines do not represent a significant risk in terms of potential for release.
202 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a synthesis of preliminary results, supported by recent cores, high-resolution geophysical surveys, geotechnical investigations and environmental research, is presented and permits a prelitrunary analysis of the sedimentological mechanisms operational in this area.
180 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of recent developments in geotechnical analysis and design associated with oil and gas developments in deep water is presented, including: new equipment and techniques to characterise the seabed; yield function approaches to evaluate the capacity of shallow skirted foundations; novel anchoring systems for moored floating facilities; pipeline and steel catenary riser interaction with the seafloor; and submarine slides and their impact on infrastructure.
167 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a ship transport concept is developed as an alternative to pipeline transport, which includes all the elements in the transport chain, namely liquefaction, intermediate storage, loading system, semi-pressurized ship and offshore unloading system.
Abstract: Increased focus on reducing CO2 emissions has created growing interest in CO2 capturing from industrial processes for storage in geologic formations or injection in oil reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Due to the scattered CO2 sources and the uncertainty in the growth of the CO2 market, a cost effective and flexible transport system is required. In this work a ship transport concept is developed as an alternative to pipeline transport. New technical solutions, cost-, energy-, exergy- and CO2 emission analysis for ship-based transport of CO2 are presented. The concept includes all the elements in the transport chain, namely liquefaction, intermediate storage, loading system, semi-pressurized ship and offshore unloading system. Economical large-scale transport of CO2 by ship could be done in semi-pressurized vessels of around 20 000 m3 at pressures near triple point (6.5 bara and –52°C) in order to use well established design for commercial construction of LPG carriers and intermediate storage. This condition also gives the highest density in the liquid state, which reduces the transport unit cost. Liquefaction of CO2 is best achieved in an open cycle, where the refrigeration is partly or fully provided by the feed gas itself. The offshore unloading system will transport the liquid CO2 from the dedicated CO2 ship to the wellhead on the platform at the required temperature and pressure. During the unloading phase the ship is connected to a submerged turret loading (STL) system. The CO2 is pumped to a pressure high enough to avoid phase transition in the transfer lines. A flexible riser, a subsea pipeline and an insulated pipeline in the platform shaft bring the CO2 from the unloading location to the topside of the platform. The CO2 is pumped to injection pressure and heated to avoid operational problems before it is injected into the reservoir for EOR using conventional water injection wells. The total specific energy requirement for the selected transport chain is 142 kWh tonne−1 CO2, where the liquefaction process accounts for 77%. An exergy analysis of the chain is performed showing that the minimum work required in the chain is 60 kWh tonne−1 CO2, giving a chain rational efficiency of 42%. The total CO2 emissions are estimated to be approximately 1.4% of the inlet CO2. The total costs of ship-based transport are calculated to be 20–30 USD tonne−1 for volumes larger than 2 Mt y−1 and distances limited to the North Sea. Ship transport offers a flexible alternative for bringing CO2 to offshore installations. Dedicated CO2 carriers for transport of CO2 directly from the source to the oil fields might be a key element in future CO2 infrastructures.
146 citations