Showing papers on "Subsistence agriculture published in 1970"

A Note on the Division of Labor by Sex1

Abstract: Although sex division of labor is a universal, the contribution that women make to subsistence varies markedly from society to society. It is suggested here that the degree to which women participate in subsistence activities depends upon the compatibility of the latter with simultaneous child-care responsibilities. Women are most likely to make a substantial contribution when subsistence activities have the following characteristics: the participant is not obliged to be far from home; the tasks are relatively monotonous and do not require rapt concentration; and the work is not dangerous, can be performed in spite of interruptions, and is easily resumed once interrupted.

The Economics of Subsistence Agriculture

Abstract: The economics of subsistence agriculture , The economics of subsistence agriculture , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Preceramic subsistence on the peruvian coast

Abstract: This paper attempts to show that a reexamination of the ecological zones along the Peruvian coast can prove extremely helpful in understanding the subsistence patterns of preceramic populations. The phenomenon of the periodic El Nifio Countercurrent and its drastic effects on both sea and land resources are discussed in detail, with particular reference to lomas sites. An attempt is made to distinguish seasonal food resources from those available all year round, and to examine the possible factors limiting both types of resources. Vital problems concerning human adaptation to the coastal niche in preceramic times are stressed in hopes that they will serve as focal points for future research.

Prices, Unit Values and Local Measurement Units in Rural Surveys: an Econometric Approach with an Application to Poverty Measurement in Ethiopia

Abstract: For many research problems in developing countries, some information on prices faced by households is required, for example if subsistence consumption is a substantial part of consumption. These prices are not readily available from household surveys, and at times they are not easily observed, for example if markets are thin and systematic price information can only be observed from markets some distance away from communities. Furthermore, quantities consumed and produced are often in local units presenting further problems for the analysis. We provide an econometric approach to estimate prices and quantity conversion factors from household expenditure data, using data from rural Ethiopia to illustrate the approach. In an application, we show that the conclusions about poverty changes over time are significantly affected by using alternative strategies to convert local units and to value subsistence consumption. We find in our case that mean unit values result in the overestimation of prices due to outliers and other sources of measurement error. Exogenous consumer price sources, often collected at larger markets outside the village, tend to give slightly lower values than our estimates.

Marketing of staple foods in Northern Nigeria: a study of staple food marketing systems serving Kano city.

Abstract: The major objective of the present research was to examine the structure and performance of the marketing systems for four major staple foods in Northern Nigeria. The study was concerned with the extent to which these marketing systems have, in general terms, promoted the optimal allocation of resources and thus facilitated what has been referred to as "agriculture's contributions to economic development"(4 P. 571).

Inequality and Insurgency in Vietnam: A Re-analysis

Abstract: Although the Department of State continues to attribute the war in Vietnam to “aggression from the North,” there has always been a suspicion among more enlightened public officials and most academic critics of the war that economic discontent rooted in the inequitable tenure arrangements of the Vietnamese countryside might have some connection with the vigorous opposition of the Viet Cong to numerous Saigon governments. Thus it is surprising to learn that, on the contrary, support for the Saigon regime is most pronounced in provinces in which few peasants farm their own land, large estates were formerly owned by French or Vietnamese landlords, tenancy is widespread, and the distribution of land is unequal. This finding is particularly striking since it is contrary to data from the rest of Southeast Asia. In Burma, for example dacoity and other forms of social disorder were most frequent in the deltaic area of lower Burma, a region of extensive tenancy, unstable tenure, massive agricultural debt, and large-scale absentee ownership by Indian financial houses. In Thailand most social tension is concentrated in the northeast, a region of poor soil and shifting subsistence agriculture, and in the Menam delta immediately adjacent to Bangkok, where absentee holdings are farmed by tenants. Most commercial agricultural land in Thailand is cultivated by owner-proprietors and it is this fact that explains much of the country's political stability. In the Philippines the Hukbalahap movement was concentrated in central Luzon, again a region of extensive tenancy.

Unemployment in Developing Countries

Abstract: One of the most significant and sobering lessons of the development effort since World War II is the discovery that social progress and the rising levels of employment on which it depends do not automatically emerge from economic progress. Growth in the gross national product, rising industrial and farm output, and an increase in exports, investments, and exchange reserves have little meaning for the hundreds of millions who continue to live under conditions of bare subsistence or near starvation in the developing countries of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Indeed, in such circumstances the term "development" would seem to be a serious misnomer, if not a cruel delusion. The problem of employment is of rapidly increasing concern to the governments, employers, and workers of the world, particularly in developing countries. There is anxiety in government when increasing numbers of young people, who have left school and are unable to find jobs, roam the streets in lawless bands. There is anxiety in trade unions about the weakness of their bargaining position in a situation of surplus labor. Employers are anxious about the narrowness of their markets when there are many dependents and few breadwinners. Finally, there is anxiety

‘Partnership’ in developing the new Guinea highlands, 1948–1968

Abstract: CEPT put forward during the mid-1950s to justify a seemingly anachronistic attempt to establish a plantation system in the fertile but heavily populated valleys of the Highlands. The settlers were after land which was then prov ing ideal for growing arabica coffee, and a chance to develop a profitable coffee industry. In return they offered the Highlanders, their 'partners', an opportunity to enter the market economy?as plantation workers, as sup pliers of vegetables to plantations, and as coffee growers themselves. It would be easy to dismiss this 'partnership' concept as simply a cynical rationale for old fashioned land-grabbing but for the following facts: that some of the settlers were sincere in their desire to foster economic develop ment among the Highlanders; that many a Highlander was as anxious to have a settler living on his land as the settler was to secure that land; and that with the establishment of the coffee industry the Highlanders were able to make a rapid transition from a subsistence-based existence to an increasingly market-oriented one by becoming coffee producers and starting their own small businesses.

Suggested approach to agricultural taxation policy in West Pakistan.

Abstract: The general tendency in most developing countries is to throw a disproportionate share of the burden of taxation on the 'monetised' or market sector and an insufficient amount on agriculture. The reasons for this are partly administrative and-partly political. Taxes levied on the agricultural community are far more difficult to assess and collect and are socially and politically unpopular because they appear unjust - the people in the agriculture sector are, individually, always so much poorer than the people in the market sector.

Mingge-Money: Economic Change in the New Guinea Highlands

Abstract: Like other groups of the New Guinea Highlands, the Chimbu are moving from a subsistence-exchange economy to one in which selected crops are raised for cash and money is used for a variety of purposes. Changes in the Chimbu economy, and particularly the changing uses of money, are described. The application of development theory is considered in the concluding portion of this paper. The transition to a money economy in Chimbu is not one-directional, but fluctuates, reverses and changes form. It is affected by personal and local circumstances and also by physical, technological and international economic and political factors over which the New Guineans have no control and little comprehension. Although money has penetrated to subsistence use, the economy has not been transformed; subsistence production and exchange continue in modern conditions.

Conflict in Papua New Guinea Mining: The 1993-95 Porgera Dispute

Abstract: This article examines and assesses the significance of a recent major dispute in the Papua New Guinea (PN~G) mining industry. The Porgera dispute lasted a year and a half and arguably crystallised a new departure in industrial relations in an industry which is the largest single source of private sector en1ployment and export earnings. Although the official eulogies of PN~G as a "n1ountain of gold floating in a sea of oil'' are somewhat exaggerated, the role of mining is paran1ount in what is basically, for 85 percent of the population, a subsistence agriculture economy. In 1993, mining provided 88 percent of the country's export earnings. At the srune time about one-third of PNG's formal sector workforce were employed in mining. 1 Without going into elaborate definitional issues, we argue that, despite imperfections in its institutions, the recent Porgera dispute is evidence of a strengthening of .. pluralism" (understood in terms of collaborative bargaining and compromise in dispute managen1ent), in PNG industrial relations. 2

Some Irish techniques of collecting seaweed

Abstract: Seaweed has for centuries played an important role as a manure around the Irish coast. Reliance on it has varied from district to district according to local economic circumstances. It assumed a particular significance along the west coast during the second half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century when a rapid increase in population led to the colonization of waste and marginal land by people who depended more and more on the potato for subsistence and whose holdings were too small to carry any substantial numbers of Iivestock. In the absence of adequate supplies of other organic manures, seaweed became of vital importance and its collection and harvesting a main preoccupation of the seaboard population.

Technical change and dualism within agriculture in India.

Abstract: Summary The dichotomy between subsistence and market‐oriented farmers in many developing countries is a well‐recognized fact. There have been empirical studies in India of the differences between subsistence and market‐oriented or ‘commercial’ farmers; and interest is now developing in the impact of the new agricultural policy on dualism within agriculture. While the theoretical literature deals extensively with dualism between a traditional agricultural sector and an advanced industrial sector, dualism within the agricultural sector itself is less discussed.1 However, this dualism has become of increasing practical importance in India with the introduction of the ‘New Strategy for Agricultural Development’ in 1966–67.2 This policy concentrates on raising output per acre very sharply, especially for the food crops, by the use of new high‐yielding varieties of seeds and complementary inputs. In the beginning, at least, these measures are to be confined to a small part of the total acreage under food grains...