Topic
Substitute natural gas
About: Substitute natural gas is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1216 publications have been published within this topic receiving 23604 citations. The topic is also known as: synthetic natural gas.
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01 Nov 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present estimates of full fuel-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases from using transportation fuels and electricity, including carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen oxides, and nonmethane organic compounds.
Abstract: This report presents estimates of full fuel-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases from using transportation fuels and electricity. The data cover emissions of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}), methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen oxides, and nonmethane organic compounds resulting from the end use of fuels, compression or liquefaction of gaseous transportation fuels, fuel distribution, fuel production, feedstock transport, feedstock recovery, manufacture of motor vehicles, maintenance of transportation systems, manufacture of materials used in major energy facilities, and changes in land use that result from using biomass-derived fuels. The results for electricity use are in grams of CO{sub 2}-equivalent emissions per kilowatt-hour of electricity delivered to end users and cover generating plants powered by coal, oil, natural gas, methanol, biomass, and nuclear energy. The transportation analysis compares CO{sub 2}-equivalent emissions, in grams per mile, from base-case gasoline and diesel fuel cycles with emissions from these alternative- fuel cycles: methanol from coal, natural gas, or wood; compressed or liquefied natural gas; synthetic natural gas from wood; ethanol from corn or wood; liquefied petroleum gas from oil or natural gas; hydrogen from nuclear or solar power; electricity from coal, uranium, oil, natural gas, biomass, or solar energy, used in battery-powered electric vehicles; and hydrogenmore » and methanol used in fuel-cell vehicles.« less
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a highly active fibrous silica-mordenite (FS@SiO2-MOR) catalyst has been synthesized by a microemulsion process and characterized by XRD, TEM, FESEM, N2 adsorption analysis, FTIR-pyrrole, CO2-TPD, and ESR spectroscopy.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a steady-state, heterogeneous ID model was developed for catalytic methanation reactions in externally cooled tubular reactors filled with novel monolithic catalysts with high thermal conductivity.
Abstract: Aim of this work is a theoretical investigation of the catalytic methanation reactions in externally cooled tubular reactors filled with novel monolithic catalysts with high thermal conductivity. Using the general purpose modelling tool gProms™ we have developed a steady-state, heterogeneous ID model, representing a single, externally cooled reactor tube loaded with cylindrical honeycomb catalysts with square channels, made of conductive material. The model equations include mass and energy balances for the gas and solid phases and the momentum balance for the gas phase. Two reactions are considered: carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide methanation, whose rate equations are taken from the literature. By reactor simulation it is shown that the problem of temperature control typical of fixed-bed methanation reactors can be overcome by the monolith reactor herein proposed. The effects of space velocity on conversion and temperature profiles are discussed, with a fixed geometrical configuration of the monolithic reactor.
32 citations
TL;DR: The Agnion Heatpipe-Reformer has been used for small-scale syngas generation at small scale for distributed applications in this article, where a modified gas engine concept uses the pressurized and hydrogen-rich syngga for increased performance and tar tolerance at decreased capital expenses.
Abstract: Fluidized bed gasification of solid fuels is considered as one of the core technologies for future sustainable energy supply. Whereas autothermal oxygen-driven gasification is applied in large-scale substitute natural gas (SNG) and Fischer–Tropsch (FT) plants or small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) plants, the allothermal steam-reforming process of the agnion Heatpipe-Reformer is designed for cost- and fuel-efficient syngas generation at small scales for distributed applications. The Heatpipe-Reformer's pressurized syngas generation provides a number of benefits for SNG, biomass to liquid (BTL) and CHP applications. A modified gas engine concept uses the pressurized and hydrogen-rich syngas for increased performance and tar tolerance at decreased capital expenses. Agnion has installed and operated a 500-kW thermal input pilot plant in Pfaffenhofen, Germany, over the last 2 years, showing stable operation over a variety of operating points. The syngas composition has been measured at values expected by thermodynamic models. An influence of the steam-to-fuel ratio and reformer temperature was observed. Tar and sulphur contents have been monitored and correlated to operation parameters, showing influences on stoichiometry and carbon conversion. The mass and energy streams of the plant were balanced. One of the main observations in the monitoring programme is the fact that syngas output, efficiency and syngas quality correlate to high values if the carbon conversion is high. Carbon conversion rates and cold gas efficiencies are comparably high in respect to today's processes, promising economic and fuel-efficient operation of the Heatpipe-Reformer applications.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the use of metal-oxides in a simple fixed-bed adsorber to catalyze the methanation reaction of an allothermal bench-scale gasifier.
32 citations