Topic
Summation
About: Summation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 954 publications have been published within this topic receiving 45593 citations. The topic is also known as: summation & sum of a sequence.
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TL;DR: This study evaluated the time‐dependent behaviour of mechanical characteristics of soft tissue during repeated cuff stimulation used for eliciting temporal summation of cuff pressure‐evoked pain.
2 citations
TL;DR: Tension development of skeletal muscle is primary nerve activation rather than direct muscle stimulation, and the higher tension generation that resulted from different electrode configurations is produced by activating a higher number of muscle fibers through the neuromuscular junctions.
Abstract: Skeletal muscle has been used for biomechanical assist in experimental and clinical studies. Central to the success of these procedures is the generation of sufficient muscle force for the lifetime of the subject. Burst (tetanic) stimulation results in summation of individual twitches and generates higher power output. However, the superiority of paraneural versus intramuscular as well as proximal versus middle and distal intramuscular stimulations remains unclear. Electrophysiological mapping and mechanical performance of seven canine latissimus dorsi muscles were analyzed. The mechanism of higher tension generation produced by: (1) increased temporal summation; (2) greater motor units activated; or (3) result of both were determined. The parameters primarily dependent on the number of activated motor units are significantly greater following paraneural and proximal intramuscular stimulations. The parameters mainly related to temporal summation are not different between various electrode configurations. For intramuscular stimulation, it is the location of interelectrode field rather than the location of the cathode per se that determines the mechanical performance of the skeletal muscle. Furthermore, tension development of skeletal muscle is primary nerve activation rather than direct muscle stimulation. The higher tension generation that resulted from different electrode configurations is produced by activating a higher number of muscle fibers through the neuromuscular junctions.
2 citations
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: The extent, strength of inhibition and spatial summation property of sub-regions of the integration fields of striate cortical neurons were studied using sinusoidal grating patches drifted across the classical receptive field (CRF) and the IF.
Abstract: The extent, strength of inhibition and spatial summation property of sub-regions of the integration fields (IF) of striate cortical neurons were studied using sinusoidal grating patches drifted across the classical receptive field (CRF) and the IF. The results show that (a) the nature of integration (facilitatory or inhibitory) was the same between the two side-regions (and/or the two end-regions) of the IFs; (b) for most neuron, the exteats of the two side-regions (and/or the two end-regions) were equal or roughly equal; (c) for inhibitory IFs, the degree of inhibition at the two side-regions (and/or the two end-regions) was statistically correlative; (d) the spatial summation between the two side-regions (and/or the two end-regions) was shown to be nonlinear.
2 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that in both glaucoma and MS, delayed VEPs may result from either or both of these mechanisms, which could result in loss and functional impairment of optic nerve axons occurs in each disorder.
2 citations
TL;DR: Findings suggested that music listening could strengthen components of the inhibitory descending pain pathways operating at the dorsal spinal cord level.
Abstract: Passive music listening has shown its capacity to soothe pain in several clinical and experimental studies. This phenomenon—known as music-induced analgesia—could partly be explained by the modulation of pain signals in response to the stimulation of brain and brainstem centers. We hypothesized that music-induced analgesia may involve inhibitory descending pain systems. We assessed pain-related responses to endogenous pain control mechanisms known to depend on descending pain modulation: peak of first pain (PP), temporal summation (TS), and diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC). Twenty-seven healthy participants (14 men, 13 women) were exposed to a conditioned pain modulation paradigm during a 20-minute relaxing music session and a silence condition. Pain was continually measured with a visual analogue scale. Pain ratings were significantly lower with music listening (p < .02). Repeated measures ANOVA indicated significant differences between conditions within PP and TS (p < .05) but not in DNIC. Those findings suggested that music listening could strengthen components of the inhibitory descending pain pathways operating at the dorsal spinal cord level.
2 citations