Topic
Summation
About: Summation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 954 publications have been published within this topic receiving 45593 citations. The topic is also known as: summation & sum of a sequence.
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01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, an augmented reality (AR) thermal display is proposed to augment the thermal sense as the user's palm touches a real object, which is the phenomenon of spatial summation which related to skin's area of stimulation.
Abstract: This paper presents the development of an augmented reality (AR) thermal display. This device is proposed to augment the thermal sense as the user’s palm touches a real object. The concept used for AR thermal display is the phenomenon of spatial summation which related to skin’s area of stimulation. The critical aspects of this display are the thermal display is placed on the back of hand and the palm can touch object directly. An experiment is conducted to identify whether spatial summation can occur between the back of hand and the palm. From this experiment, spatial summation is confirmed to take place when the same type of receptor is triggered on the back of hand and the palm. Moreover, the experiment proved that the AR thermal display is effective for augmentation of thermal sense; a cool and warm object was perceived colder and warmer respectively, than the actual temperature.
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TL;DR: The results suggest the existence of a mechanism with much longer temporal summation for the discrimination of small orientation differences than for the detection of the stimulus.
Abstract: The effect of stimulus exposure time (ET) on the threshold intensity, necessary for fine orientation discrimination was compared with the effect of ET on the detection threshold. Both discrimination and detection performances were studied concurrently in a two-by-two forced choice paradigm. The results suggest the existence of a mechanism with much longer temporal summation for the discrimination of small orientation differences than for the detection of the stimulus. Orientation acuity improves with ET.
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TL;DR: It was found that the cycle of change in neuronal excitability following threshold depolarization did not arise from temporal summation of electrotonic local or postsynaptic neuronal potentials; it was an endogenous (cytoplasmic) process insensitive to transmitter (acetylcholine) application but altering irreversibly under the effects of bombesin, one of the modulator peptides.
Abstract: A neuronal process was identified inLymnaea stagnalis nerve cells which may be viewed as one of the mechanisms underlying the interval selectivity previously described in research into the functional relationships between mammalian brain cells. This process takes the form of regularly-occurring changes in excitability resulting in a high probability (of 0.6–1) of neuronal spike response to what had previously been subthreshold depolarizing current pulses following similar subthreshold (conditioning) pulses at intervals specific to each individual neuron. It was found that the cycle of change in neuronal excitability following threshold depolarization did not arise from temporal summation of electrotonic local or postsynaptic neuronal potentials; it was an endogenous (cytoplasmic) process insensitive to transmitter (acetylcholine) application but altering irreversibly under the effects of bombesin, one of the modulator peptides.
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of a continuous broadband masker was examined over a wide range of stimulus durations, and the same small threshold shift was found at stimuli of all durations of up to 20 ms, and a larger effect at stimuli with up to 40 ms.
Abstract: Stimulation of one ear with a continuous broadband masker was found to produce a greater threshold shift for a long duration (320 ms) signal presented to the opposite ear than for a short duration (10 ms) signal. When the effect of this masker was examined over a wide range of stimulus durations, the same small threshold shift was found at stimuli of all durations of up to 20 ms, and a larger effect at durations of 40 ms and above. The results are discussed in terms of the concept of alternative pathways within the auditory system for stimuli of short and long durations.
1 citations