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Superior frontal gyrus

About: Superior frontal gyrus is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1316 publications have been published within this topic receiving 52743 citations.


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TL;DR: The analysis suggests that it is possible to identify at least four separate cortical areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere, which appear to be analogous to the pre-SMA, the SMA proper, and two of the cingulate motor areas of the monkey.
Abstract: Our goal in this review is to provide an anatomical framework for the analysis of the motor functions of the medial wall of the hemisphere in humans and laboratory primates. Converging evidence indicates that this region of the frontal lobe contains multiple areas involved in motor control. In the monkey, the medial wall contains four premotor areas that project directly to both the primary motor cortex and the spinal cord. These are the supplementary motor area (SMA) on the superior frontal gyrus and three motor areas buried within the cingulate sulcus. In addition, there is evidence that a fifth motor field, the pre-SMA, lies rostral to the SMA proper. Recent physiological observations provide evidence for functional differences among these motor fields. In the human, no consensus exists on the number of distinct motor fields on the medial wall. In this review, we summarize the results of positron emission tomography (PET) studies that examined functional activation on the medial wall of humans. Our analysis suggests that it is possible to identify at least four separate cortical areas on the medial wall. Each area appears to be relatively more involved in some aspects of motor behavior than others. These cortical areas in the human appear to be analogous to the pre-SMA, the SMA proper, and two of the cingulate motor areas of the monkey. We believe that these correspondences and the anatomical framework we describe will be important for unraveling the motor functions of the medial wall of the hemisphere.

1,630 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that TID represents reallocation of processing resources from areas in which TID occurs to areas involved in task performance, and short-term memory load and stimulus rate also predict suppression of spontaneous thought.
Abstract: Task-induced deactivation (TID) refers to a regional decrease in blood flow during an active task relative to a "resting" or "passive" baseline. We tested the hypothesis that TID results from a reallocation of processing resources by parametrically manipulating task difficulty within three factors: target discriminability, stimulus presentation rate, and short-term memory load. Subjects performed an auditory target detection task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), responding to a single target tone or, in the short-term memory load conditions, to target sequences. Seven task conditions (a common version and two additional levels for each of the three factors) were each alternated with "rest" in a block design. Analysis of covariance identified brain regions in which TID occurred. Analyses of variance identified seven regions (left anterior cingulate/superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right anterior cingulate gyrus, left and right posterior cingulate gyrus, left posterior parieto-occipital cortex, and right precuneus) in which TID magnitude varied across task levels within a factor. Follow-up tests indicated that for each of the three factors, TID magnitude increased with task difficulty. These results suggest that TID represents reallocation of processing resources from areas in which TID occurs to areas involved in task performance. Short-term memory load and stimulus rate also predict suppression of spontaneous thought, and many of the brain areas showing TID have been linked with semantic processing, supporting claims that TID may be due in part to suspension of spontaneous semantic processes that occur during "rest" (Binder et al., 1999). The concept that the typical "resting state" is actually a condition characterized by rich cognitive activity has important implications for the design and analysis of neuroimaging studies.

1,102 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A medial superior frontal gyrus (SFG) region centred on the pre-supplementary motor area is involved in the selection of action sets whereas the anterior cingulate cortex has a fundamental role in relating actions to their consequences, both positive reinforcement outcomes and errors, and in guiding decisions about which actions are worth making.

1,012 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Lianne Schmaal1, Derrek P. Hibar2, Philipp G. Sämann3, Geoffrey B. Hall4, Bernhard T. Baune5, Neda Jahanshad2, Joshua W. Cheung2, T.G.M. van Erp6, Daniel Bos7, M. A. Ikram7, Meike W. Vernooij7, Wiro J. Niessen8, Wiro J. Niessen7, Henning Tiemeier7, Henning Tiemeier9, A. Hofman7, Katharina Wittfeld10, Hans-Jörgen Grabe10, Hans-Jörgen Grabe11, Deborah Janowitz11, Robin Bülow11, M Selonke11, Henry Völzke11, Dominik Grotegerd12, Udo Dannlowski13, Udo Dannlowski12, Volker Arolt12, Nils Opel12, Walter Heindel12, Harald Kugel12, D. Hoehn3, Michael Czisch3, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne14, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne15, Miguel E. Rentería15, Lachlan T. Strike14, Margaret J. Wright14, Natalie T. Mills15, Natalie T. Mills14, G.I. de Zubicaray16, Katie L. McMahon14, Sarah E. Medland15, Nicholas G. Martin15, Nathan A. Gillespie17, Roberto Goya-Maldonado18, Oliver Gruber19, Bernd Krämer19, Sean N. Hatton20, Jim Lagopoulos20, Ian B. Hickie20, Thomas Frodl21, Thomas Frodl22, Angela Carballedo22, Eva-Maria Frey23, L. S. van Velzen1, B.W.J.H. Penninx1, M-J van Tol24, N.J. van der Wee25, Christopher G. Davey26, Ben J. Harrison26, Benson Mwangi27, Bo Cao27, Jair C. Soares27, Ilya M. Veer28, Henrik Walter28, D. Schoepf29, Bartosz Zurowski30, Carsten Konrad13, Elisabeth Schramm31, Claus Normann31, Knut Schnell19, Matthew D. Sacchet32, Ian H. Gotlib32, Glenda MacQueen33, Beata R. Godlewska34, Thomas Nickson35, Andrew M. McIntosh35, Andrew M. McIntosh36, Martina Papmeyer37, Martina Papmeyer35, Heather C. Whalley35, Jeremy Hall38, Jeremy Hall35, J.E. Sussmann35, Meng Li39, Martin Walter40, Martin Walter39, Lyubomir I. Aftanas, Ivan Brack, Nikolay A. Bokhan41, Nikolay A. Bokhan42, Nikolay A. Bokhan43, Paul M. Thompson2, Dick J. Veltman1 
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the largest ever worldwide study by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Major Depressive Disorder Working Group on cortical structural alterations in MDD.
Abstract: The neuro-anatomical substrates of major depressive disorder (MDD) are still not well understood, despite many neuroimaging studies over the past few decades. Here we present the largest ever worldwide study by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Major Depressive Disorder Working Group on cortical structural alterations in MDD. Structural T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 2148 MDD patients and 7957 healthy controls were analysed with harmonized protocols at 20 sites around the world. To detect consistent effects of MDD and its modulators on cortical thickness and surface area estimates derived from MRI, statistical effects from sites were meta-analysed separately for adults and adolescents. Adults with MDD had thinner cortical gray matter than controls in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior and posterior cingulate, insula and temporal lobes (Cohen's d effect sizes: -0.10 to -0.14). These effects were most pronounced in first episode and adult-onset patients (>21 years). Compared to matched controls, adolescents with MDD had lower total surface area (but no differences in cortical thickness) and regional reductions in frontal regions (medial OFC and superior frontal gyrus) and primary and higher-order visual, somatosensory and motor areas (d: -0.26 to -0.57). The strongest effects were found in recurrent adolescent patients. This highly powered global effort to identify consistent brain abnormalities showed widespread cortical alterations in MDD patients as compared to controls and suggests that MDD may impact brain structure in a highly dynamic way, with different patterns of alterations at different stages of life.

728 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2006-Brain
TL;DR: A hybrid model of the anatomical and functional organization of the lateral SFG for WM is supported, according to which this region is involved in higher levels of WM processing but remains oriented towards spatial cognition, although the domain specificity is not exclusive and is overridden by an increase in executive demand, regardless of the domain being processed.
Abstract: The superior frontal gyrus (SFG) is thought to contribute to higher cognitive functions and particularly to working memory (WM), although the nature of its involvement remains a matter of debate. To resolve this issue, methodological tools such as lesion studies are needed to complement the functional imaging approach. We have conducted the first lesion study to investigate the role of the SFG in WM and address the following questions: do lesions of the SFG impair WM and, if so, what is the nature of the WM impairment? To answer these questions, we compared the performance of eight patients with a left prefrontal lesion restricted to the SFG with that of a group of 11 healthy control subjects and two groups of patients with focal brain lesions [prefrontal lesions sparing the SFG (n = 5) and right parietal lesions (n = 4)] in a series of WM tasks. The WM tasks (derived from the classical n-back paradigm) allowed us to study the impact of the SFG lesions on domain (verbal, spatial, face) and complexity (1-, 2- and 3-back) processing within WM. As expected, patients with a left SFG lesion exhibited a WM deficit when compared with all control groups, and the impairment increased with the complexity of the tasks. This complexity effect was significantly more marked for the spatial domain. Voxel-to-voxel mapping of each subject's performance showed that the lateral and posterior portion of the SFG (mostly Brodmann area 8, rostral to the frontal eye field) was the subregion that contributed the most to the WM impairment. These data led us to conclude that (i) the lateral and posterior portion of the left SFG is a key component of the neural network of WM; (ii) the participation of this region in WM is triggered by the highest level of executive processing; (iii) the left SFG is also involved in spatially oriented processing. Our findings support a hybrid model of the anatomical and functional organization of the lateral SFG for WM, according to which this region is involved in higher levels of WM processing (monitoring and manipulation) but remains oriented towards spatial cognition, although the domain specificity is not exclusive and is overridden by an increase in executive demand, regardless of the domain being processed. From a clinical perspective, this study provides new information on the impact of left SFG lesions on cognition that will be of use to neurologists and neurosurgeons.

674 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202387
2022208
2021155
2020140
2019115
201881