Showing papers on "Supporting electrolyte published in 1980"
TL;DR: The site-binding model for the electrical double layer of hydrous oxides reported in a previous paper is applied to adsorption of anions from dilute solution as mentioned in this paper.
496 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the electrochemical reduction of organic solvents with supporting electrolytes was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, coulometry, and UV-VIS spectroscopy.
Abstract: The electrochemical reduction of has been investigated in organic solvents with supporting electrolytes, using cyclic voltammetry, coulometry, and UV‐VIS spectroscopy An overall 20F reduction was observed Comparison of voltammograms of , S, and with those of reduced solutions demonstrated that intermediate species are formed in the reduction of These intermediates decompose slowly to form S and Reaction mechanisms consistent with these findings are discussed
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a continuous flow electrolysis system with a glassy carbon column electrode has been developed for the rapid quantitative preparation of organic free radicals, whose ESR spectrum or absorption spectrum was observed in situ.
Abstract: Ion association of 1,2-naphthosemiquinone with the alkali metal cations in acetonitrile has been comprehensively studied by the use of ESR, absorption spectroscopy, polarography and with MO calculation. A continuous flow electrolysis system with a glassy carbon column electrode has been developed for the rapid quantitative preparation of organic free radicals, whose ESR spectrum or absorption spectrum was observed in situ. The formation constants of the ion pair with K+, Na+, and Li+ were estimated as 103.2, 104.5, and 108.0, respectively. By the addition of alkali metal cations, the half-wave potentials shifted to more positive potential in the order of K+
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a linear nonsaturating dependence of luminescence and current versus voltage (beyond a threshold voltage) was observed for rubrene generated in solutions without a supporting electrolyte in thin layer cells.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a flow electrolytic cell is described which uses a vertical porous cathode composed of granulated coke for the deposition of copper from diluted solutions, 10 −3 -10 −2 M, in the supporting electrolyte of 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 and 2% per weight H 2 SO4 in water.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the capacity current measurements using the polarographic method of discontinuously changing potential known as the Kalousek commutator technique were used to study the adaption behavior at the mercury electrode of some mixtures of surface-active substances, relevant and important for natural and polluted seawater.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the main process in the electrochemical reduction of sulfur dioxide in DMSO is a one-electron reversible reduction, followed by a reduction product dimerization according to: SO 2 + e ⇌ SO 2 − 2 SO 2− ⇌ K f K d S 2 O 4 2 −
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown by differential pulse polarography that several experimental parameters (concentration, ionic strength, composition of the supporting electrolyte, drop time) have significant effects on the electrochemical behavior of horse heart cytochrome c.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, phase-selective ac polarography has been used to measure the electron transfer parameters of (η4-cyclooctatetraene)iron tricarbonyl in N,N-dimethylformamide with tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate as supporting electrolyte.
14 citations
Patent•
11 Jan 1980TL;DR: An electrochemical sensor for determining the O2 content of a fluid characterized in that the electrolyte employed therein is selected from a group consisting of amino alcohols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, morpholine, and mixtures thereof as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An electrochemical sensor for determining the O2 content of a fluid characterized in that the electrolyte employed therein is selected from a group consisting of amino alcohols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, morpholine, and mixtures thereof. Optimally, the electrolyte can further comprise a supporting electrolyte selected from a group consisting of inorganic halides, organic supporting electrolytes, and mixtures thereof.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of hydrogen evolution in the zinc chloride battery is investigated experimentally with special respect to the magnitude of the phenomenon under various and supporting electrolyte concentrations, pH, current density, and electrolyte purity.
Abstract: The problem of hydrogen evolution in the zinc chloride battery is investigated experimentally with special respect to the magnitude of the phenomenon under various and supporting electrolyte concentrations, pH, current density, and electrolyte purity. Metallic impurities of low hydrogen overvoltage can be responsible for accelerated hydrogen evolution during charge and discharge. In addition, the morphology and porosity of the zinc deposit and the presence of dendrites affect the magnitude of hydrogen evolution. Low hydrogen evolution rates are observed on rough and dendritic deposits and vice versa. Two methods of decreasing hydrogen evolution are presented: (i) pretreatment of the electrolyte with zinc particles, and (ii) potentiostatic deposition of metallic impurities in flow‐through porous‐graphite electrode above the zinc deposition potential.
TL;DR: In this article, a gold disk working electrode was used for the trace determination of mercury(II) ion, theoretical predictions were verified and the detection limit was found to be ca. 0.5 nM under the preelectrolysis conditions of 10 min at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl.
Abstract: Anodic stripping semidifferential electroanalysis using a gold disk working electrode was proposed for the trace determination of mercury(II) ion, theoretical predictions being verified. A gold electrode was steeped in aqua regia, activated electrochemically before use, and rotated during the course of pre-electrolysis. A hydroxylamine hydrochloride medium was selected as supporting electrolyte. The detection limit was found to be ca. 0.5 nM under the pre-electrolysis conditions of 10 min at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The relative standard deviation was ca. ±4% for the measurement at 2 nM level. Removal of the oxygen dissolved in sample solutions was not necessary. Experiments were carried out to examine the feasibility of the technique to environmental analysis. The method consists of only the following procedure: sample acidification, standard mercury(II) ion addition, UV irradiation pretreatment, and medium exchange for stripping. It was successfully applied to river water and sea water to separately evaluate io...
TL;DR: In this paper, a reduction scheme for PtX2L2 was proposed on the basis of the results of reductive coulometry in the cavity of an ESR spectrometer.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for indirect determination of phosphorus in semiconductor silicon is presented, after silicon dissolution with hydrofluoric and nitric acids and matrix volatilization, molybdophosphoric acid is formed in 0.25 M hydrochloric acid and then extracted into n-butyl acetate.
01 Apr 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the change of interfacial tension induced by the flow of an electric current through a nitrobenzene-water interface was studied experimentally and theoretically for both ac and dc.
Abstract: The change of interfacial tension induced by the flow of an electric current through a nitrobenzene-water interface was studied experimentally and theoretically for both ac and dc. The nitrobenzene and water phases contain some hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and a supporting electrolyte (or KBr in the water phase or hexadecyltrimethylammonium picrate in nitrobenzene). The overpotential measured while an electric current flowed through the interface was zero. Concentration changes near the interface were observed, and compared with theory. The interfacial transport number which arises from these measurements as an adjustable parameter is compared with transference numbers in bulk.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrohydrogenation of 2,4-pentanedione and 2,5-hexanedione at platinized paltinum electrode has been studied in 1 M H 2 SO 4 supporting electrolyte.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the cationic electropolymerization of trans-anethole initiated by a direct electron transfer mechanism at a Pt anode in 1,2-dichloroethane solution with tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte was made.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical behavior of alloxan and dialluric acid at platinum electrodes was studied in the presence of a 1 M H 2 SO 4 supporting electrolyte.
TL;DR: In this article, the electrode reaction in complex chloride, bromide and iodide solutions with DMSO as solvent has been studied at the equilibrium potential by the faradiac impedance method and a cyclic current-step method.
TL;DR: In this article, the adsorption of several brighteners used for the deposition of bright copper coatings in sulphuric acid electrolytes was determined by investigating the relation between the differential capacitance of a polycrystalline copper electrode and the potential, the concentration of certain surface-active additives and the pH of the supporting electrolyte.
TL;DR: In this article, a graft copolymerization technique was developed for initiating a graft co-polymerization electrochemically, where a copoly(styrene/vinylbenzophenone) linear copolymers was prepared to serve as the electroactive starting material.
Abstract: A technique has been developed for initiating a graft copolymerization electrochemically. A copoly(styrene/vinylbenzophenone) linear copolymer was prepared to serve as the electroactive starting material. The benzophenone sites on this molecule are readily activated at the cathode. Macroradical ions result from the direct transfer of electrons to benzophenone groups of the electroactive backbone polymer. In solution in N,N-dimethylformamide with tetraethylammonium perchlorate (TEAP) as supporting electrolyte the passage of current produced a dark blue solution similar to that observed with radical anions obtained with benzophenone directly. When monomer such as acrylonitrile or methyl methacrylate was added, a graft copolymer was formed. Electrolysis of solutions of the backbone polymer in tetrahydrofurn (THF), with sodium tetraphenylboride as supporting electrolyte, produced relatively stable, persistent macroradical anions and, under appropriate conditions, the reddish-violet macrodianions. Both types initiated graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate. Graft copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), infrared (IR), and solvent extraction. High grafting efficiency (i. e., free from homopolymer) can be obtained under appropriate conditions. Suitable mechanisms are proposed, compared, and discussed.
Patent•
12 Sep 1980TL;DR: In this paper, a Zn-Fe alloy plating bath is used to obtain steel products with high corrosion resistance after coating, especially steel products for a car by specifying the citric acid content and the pH of the bath, and the ratio between Zn and Fe is decided arbitrarily, and Fe ion is not restricted to divalent or trivalent ion.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To form each Zn-Fe alloy coat made of delta1 phase and to obtain steel products with high corrosion resistance after coating, especially steel products for a car by specifying the citric acid content and the pH of a Zn-Fe alloy plating bath CONSTITUTION:Electrodeposition is carried out using a bath of 3-7pH contg Zn ion, Fe ion, a supporting electrolyte and citric acid having >=10g/l total concn The ratio between Zn and Fe is decided arbitrarily, and Fe ion is not restricted to divalent or trivalent ion Citric acid is an essential component to obtain a delta1 phase-base plating structure contg no eta phase, and it is added as it is or in the form of Na salt or other salt Since citric acid is tetrabasic acid in the bath, it exists in various dissociation shapes and forms various kinds of complex ions in the presence of Zn and Fe ions, so for reasons of expediency, all of existing shapes are converted into molecular formula C6H8O7 to show the total concn When the concn is below 10g/l, the existence of eta phase, that is, pure Zn phase can not be avoided
TL;DR: In this article, the carrier photogeneration and mass transfer limits to the photocurrent, flat-band potential and cell power were determined in Fe(CN6) with KCl supporting electrolyte.
Abstract: Copper phthalocyanine, sublimed on a platinum rotating-disc electrode, is examined as a semiconducting photoelectrode. The carrier photogeneration and mass-transfer limits to the photocurrent, flat-band potential and cell power are determined in Fe(CN6) with KCl supporting electrolyte. The open circuit photovoltage dependence on hydrogen ion and disolved oxygen concentration are also examined.
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption of PIuronic F-68 on the DME, examined by electrocapillary, tensammetric and current-time curves, is diffusion-controlled.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the oxidation-reduction behavior of 2,2′-dinitrobiphenyl-X type compounds (X = O, S, NH, CH2, CO) and their mixtures with water at mercury drop electrodes.
Patent•
16 Jun 1980TL;DR: In this article, a synthetic route comprising anodic alkoxylation of citronellol using as a supporting electrolyte an alkali metal aromatic sulfonate was proposed.
Abstract: not available for EP0021769Abstract of corresponding document: US4312717Rose oxide, which is an important olfactive compound valuable in the art of perfumery, is advantageously produced from citronellol through a novel synthetic route comprising (1) anodic alkoxylation of citronellol using as a supporting electrolyte an alkali metal aromatic sulfonate, (2) dealkoxylation of the resulting 2,6-dimethyl-3-alkoxyoct-1-en-8-ol in the presence of a palladium or nickel complex, and then (3) cyclization of the resulting dehydrocitronellol in the presence of an acid.
TL;DR: In this paper, potential-sweep voltammograms of solvated electrons in methylamine containing KI as the supporting electrolyte demonstrate the coexistence of one and two-electron species in equilibrium.
Abstract: The potential-sweep voltammograms of solvated electrons in methylamine containing KI as the supporting electrolyte demonstrate the coexistence of one- and two-electron species in equilibrium. The it1/2 vs. log t curve obtained with potential-step chronoamperometry exhibits a transient part between two plateaux. The analysis of this curve yields the approximate value of 102 s−1 for the first-order rate constant of the dissociation of the two-electron species, K−.
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the rate of electron transfer of ferricyanide-ferrocyanide ion couple at the platinum electrode was investigated under high pressure up to 1000 Kg/cm−2.
Abstract: The rate of electron transfer of ferricyanide-ferrocyanide ion couple at the platinum electrode was investigated under high pressure up to 1000 Kg/cm−2. In order to obtain the rate constant, the variation of exchange current density was measureed as a function of applied square current frequency by using cyclic galvanostatic method. In the presence of alkali metal halide as supporting electrolyte, the rate constant decreased with a increase of hydrostatic pressure. As a result, an activation volume for the electron transfer of the system was calculated as +13 cc/mol. (1 M- KC1). It could be explained by a kind of association of ferricyanide (or ferrocyanide) ion with potassium ion at the transition state of electron transfer.
Patent•
15 May 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, anodic alkoxylation of N ethyl-carboxylic acid amides with an alcohol in an electrolytic cell using vitreous carbon as anode material and at least one alkali metal and/or tetraalkyl-ammonium alkosulfate as supporting electrolyte is described.
Abstract: PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF N-?-ALKOXYETHYL-CARBOXYLIC ACID AMIDES Abstract: N-?-alkoxyethyl-carboxylic acid amides are prepared by anodic alkoxylation of N ethyl-carboxylic acid amides with an alcohol in an electrolytic cell using vitreous carbon as anode material and at least one alkali metal and/or tetraalkyl-ammonium alkosulfate as supporting electrolyte.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that 4-thienylquinazoline (4-TQ) reduction at the dropping mercury electrode in dimethylformamide solutions containing 0.1 M tetrabutyl ammonium iodide supporting electrolyte gave two well-defined diffusion controlled waves.