Showing papers on "Supporting electrolyte published in 1985"
TL;DR: In this article, the electrodeposition of copper onto vitreous carbon from aqueous solutions using the potentiostatic and linear sweep methods was studied using the linear sweep method, and the composition of the solution was systematically varied in order to investigate the effect of concentration of copper ions, concentration of chloride ions, pH and supporting electrolyte on the kinetics of nucleation and growth.
82 citations
TL;DR: The dc cyclic voltammetry of several redox proteins at thin-film ruthenium dioxide electrodes is described in this article, where the results highlight the importance of electrostatics at the electrode/solution interface.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrocatalytic reduction of NO−3 and NO−2 ions was studied at platinized platinum electrodes in the presence of 1 mol dm−3 NaOH supporting electrolyte.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of polishing and cleaning, chemical and electrochemical surface treatments, pH, supporting electrolyte cations and anions and time on the redox behavior of the system were systematically evaluated.
Abstract: Detailed cyclic voltammetric studies were carried out on the hexacyanoferrate(II)-hexacyanoferrate(III) redox system in H2SO4, Na2SO4, NaOH, NaCl, KCl, NaH2PO4, Na2C2O4 and trisodium citrate media on a glassy carbon electrode. The effects of polishing and cleaning, chemical and electrochemical surface treatments, pH, supporting electrolyte cations and anions and time on the redox behaviour of the system were systematically evaluated. The following conclusions were drawn: (a) surface polishing or exposure to the atmosphere does not affect the reproducibility of the results; (b) anodic polarisation activates the electrode surface, as found in earlier studies, but some additional evidence indicates that this is due to oxidation of the fresh carbon surface, and this aspect is considered in detail; (c) the rate constants calculated for the oxidation of hexacyanofer-rate(II) and the reduction of hexacyanoferrate(III) using Nicholson's method differ substantially; this is attributed to different surface states of the glassy carbon at the starting potentials; and (d) anions have a substantial effect on both the rate constants and the limiting currents; chloride ions have a special activating effect. These effects are discussed on the basis of adsorption and mediated electron transfer. Other factors that influence the electron-transfer kinetics such as time effects and heat-treatment temperature are also discussed.
59 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the rate constants corrected for both ion-pair formation and the double layer effect cannot be described by classical theories of heterogeneous electron transfer, and it is shown that the dynamic dielectric properties of the solvent, described by the dielectrics relaxation time, influence the rate of the heterogeneous charge transfer.
55 citations
Patent•
10 Jun 1985TL;DR: In this article, an electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to a product includes a housing divided into two sections by a membrane and an electrolyte solution including a nonaqueous electrolyte and a supporting electrolyte is provided to the two sections of the housing.
Abstract: Apparatus and method for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to a product includes a housing divided into two sections by a membrane. An electrolyte solution including a non-aqueous electrolyte and a supporting electrolyte is provided to the two sections of the housing. A cathode is located in one section of the housing while an anode is located in the other section. Carbon dioxide is provided to the section having the cathode. A direct current voltage is provided to the cathode and to the anode to cooperate in a reaction between the carbon dioxide and the electrolyte solution to provide a product.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the growth of poly-N-vinyl carbazole films obtained by electropolymerizing Nvinylcarbazole (VCz) onto a Pt electrode in acetonitrile with different supporting salts has been followed by cyclic scans with linear variation of potential.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the electrochemical oxidation of formaldehyde has been studied by cyclic voltammetry on gold and silver rotating disc electrodes varying the sweep rate, the angular velocity, formaldehyde concentration and pH of the supporting electrolyte.
47 citations
Patent•
06 Jun 1985TL;DR: In this article, an electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to a product includes a housing divided into two sections by membrane and an electrolyte solution including a nonaqueous electrolyte dimethylformamide and a supporting electrolyte is provided to the two sections.
Abstract: Apparatus and method for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to a product includes a housing divided into two sections by membrane. An electrolyte solution including a non-aqueous electrolyte dimethylformamide and a supporting electrolyte is provided to the two sections of the housing. A n-Si cathode is located in one section of the housing while an anode is located in the other section. Carbon dioxide is provided to the section having the cathode. A direct voltage is provided to the cathode and to the anode so that a current can pass and cooperate in a reaction between the carbon dioxide and the electrolyte solution to provide a product.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the electropolymerization of 2,2′-bithiophene and of pyrrole to form conducting polymers by several electrochemical methods.
44 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical nucleation of cadmium onto vitreous carbon and onto tin oxide electrodes was studied using potentiostatic methods and the influence of supporting electrolyte was investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 22% yield was achieved by electrochemical fluorination of pyridine at a platinum anode at 2.5 V vs Ag/Ag+ (0.1 M) and with 0.5 M tetramethylammonium dihydrogen trifluoride (Me4NF·2HF) in dry acetonitrile as supporting electrolyte and fluoride source.
TL;DR: In this article, a revetement d'une electrode de graphite pyrolytique par ces polymeres is presented. Comparaison entre les differents composes du titre.
Abstract: Revetement d'une electrode de graphite pyrolytique par ces polymeres. Comparaison entre les differents composes du titre
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identified conductive poly(2,2′-bithiophene-5,5′-diyl)-(1,3,5-hexatrienylene)-polyenes from the electrochemical polymerization of α,ω-dithienylpolyenes in the presence of Bu4NClO4 as a supporting electrolyte.
Abstract: Conductive poly[(2,2′-bithiophene-5,5′-diyl)-(1,3-butadienylene)] (1b) and poly[(2,2′-bithiophene-5,5′-diyl)-(1,3,5-hexatrienylene)] (1c) films were obtained from the electrochemical polymerization of the corresponding α,ω-dithienylpolyenes in the presence of Bu4NClO4 as a supporting electrolyte. These polymers were identified by their IR spectra. The current efficiency was 72 and 82%. Electrochemical polymerization of 1,2-bis(2-thienyl)ethylene did not give a film but a powder as product. In the UV spectrum of poly(1b), oxidized with ClO4 as counterion, three bands are observed at 350, 455 and 1 000 nm (shoulder). The last two bands dissappear in the neutral film. ESCA indicates that the S2p peak in symmetrical in the neutral film, but the oxidized films show a shoulder on the higher binding energy side of the peak. The neutral film shows an asymmetrical ESR signal, whereas that of the oxidized one is symmetrical. In air the conductivity decreases to about 20% of the initial value in 70 days, but the neutral film is quite stable.
TL;DR: The double layer capacity of the Hg/non-aqueous CH3CN (supporting electrolyte) system has been investigated for different alkali metal, NH+4 and tetraalkylammonium perchlorates in the potential range from +0.5 to −2.9 V.
TL;DR: In this article, graphite electrodes were coated with [Ru(bpy)2(poly(4-vinylpyridine))Cl]Cl and were photolysed in different electrolytes.
01 Oct 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the phase transfer from water to nitrobenzene of Fe(II, Fe(III), Ni(II) and Zn(II), complexed in the aqueous phase by one, two and three molecules of ophenanthroline and o,o'-bipyridine was investigated using cyclic voltammetry.
Abstract: Transfer from water to nitrobenzene of Iron(II) and (III), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexed in the aqueous phase by one, two and three molecules of o-phenanthroline and o,o'-bipyridine was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The kinetically inert complexes of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Ni(II) are keeping their ligand-metal bonds intact and are transferred reversibly from water into nitrobenzene. The uncomplexed metal ions are not transferred within the voltage range limited by transfer of the ions of the aqueous and nonaqueous supporting electrolyte. Ease of phase-transfer is greatly enhanced by complexation with the organic ligand and successive addition of the first, second and third bidentate nitrogen base changes the Gibb's transfer enthalpy of the Ni(II) by approximately equal amounts (ΔΔG° ≈ − 37 kJ/Mol;). The molecular structure of the complex ligand bears only a minor but clearly discernible influence on the Gibb's transfer enthalpies as demonstrated for Ni(II)-phenanthroline and bipyridine complexes. Comparative investigation of phase transfer of Fe(II)-and Fe(III)-trisphenanthroline complexes reveals that due to higher charge of the Fe(III)-complexes they are more strongly solvated in aqueous solution and hence less easily extracted into nitrobenzene than Fe(II)- complexes. Voltammograms for transfer of complexed zinc ions which form kinetically (fast) labile complexes in water as well as in nitrobenzene are to a great deal determined by fast homogeneous kinetics. - In particular mono- and bicomplexed zinc ions (ZnL2+ and ZnL2+2) undergo rapid disproportionation with preferential formation of triscomplexed zinc (ZnL2+3) in the nonaqueous phase. Diffusion coefficients of differently complexed species in water are determined and show a shift to lower values with increasing degree of complexation.
Patent•
30 Dec 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, a variable light transmittance glass board which is an electrochromic cell in principle and is comprised of oppositely arranged two transparent glass substrates each of which is laid with a transparent electrode film, first and second layers formed on the two electrode films, respectively, by using tungsten trioxide for the first layer and Prussian blue for the second layer and an electrolyte liquid which fills up the space remaining between the two electrodes films.
Abstract: The invention relates to a variable light transmittance glass board which is an electrochromic cell in principle and is comprised of oppositely arranged two transparent glass substrates each of which is laid with a transparent electrode film, first and second electrochromic layers formed on the two electrode films, respectively, by using tungsten trioxide for the first layer and Prussian blue for the second layer and an electrolyte liquid which fills up the space remaining between the two electrode films. The electrolyte liquid is a solution of a conventional supporting electrolyte such as lithium perchlorate in an organic polar solvent such as propylene carbonate. Durability of both electrochromic layers at elevated temperatures is greatly improved by adding 0.2-3.0 wt % of water to the organic polar solvent. By using one or two auxiliary electrode(s) comprising an electrochemically oxidizable and reducible material and being disposed in a marginal region of the space between the two glass substrates, it is possible to prevent the appearance of the glass board from being marred by partial decomposition of the electrolyte liquid at the initial reduction of one electrochromic layer. A polymer of a conjugated compound, e.g. polytriphenylamine, is very advantageous as the electrochemically active material in each auxiliary electrode.
Patent•
07 Feb 1985TL;DR: In this article, an approach for the carbonylation of nitrobenzene or 2-5 dinitrotoluene with carbon dioxide to provide a product includes a housing which contains an electrolyte solution having a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a supporting electrolyte.
Abstract: Apparatus for the carbonylation of nitrobenzene or 2-5 dinitrotoluene with carbon dioxide to provide a product includes a housing which contains an electrolyte solution having a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a supporting electrolyte. A membrane divides the housing into two sections while permitting ions to move between the two sections. Carbon dioxide and nitrobenzene or 2-5 dinitrotoluene are provided to the housing. A d.c. voltage is provided across the electrolyte solution in the two sections of the housing, to cooperate in a reaction of the carbon dioxide, the nitrobenzene or the 2-5 dinitrotoluene and the electrolyte solution to provide a chemical product.
TL;DR: The property of the organic solvents used for the electrocrystallization drastically affects the quality of the obtained crystals, and this point has been carefully investigated by using TTT, TMTTF, TMTSF and other reagents as the donor and several tetrabutylammonium salts as the supporting electrolyte as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The property of the organic solvents used for the electrocrystallization drastically affects the quality of the obtained crystals, and this point has been carefully investigated by using TTT, TMTTF, TMTSF and other reagents as the donor and several tetrabutylammonium salts as the supporting electrolyte.
TL;DR: In this paper, the speciation of ZnCl 2 solutions, with or without conduction electrolyte (KCl), was analyzed, and the effective diffusivities of zinc, determined from limiting current measurements at a dropping mercury electrode, were corrected for this complex migration effect.
TL;DR: The determination of trace levels of thallium in bismuth andbismuth salts by differential pulse anodic-stripping voltammetry has been made possible by using a surfactant as an electrochemical masking agent, in addition to a complexing agent.
TL;DR: Acepleiadylene can be reduced to its tetraanion at -57°C using THF as solvent and LiBPh4 as supporting electrolyte in this paper.
TL;DR: The adsorption of neutral aliphatic and aromatic compounds at the Hg-nonaqueous acetonitrile interface with different supporting electrolytes has been studied by means of ac measurements as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis of glyoxylic acid from the oxidation of glyoxal is studied under several experimental conditions, including temperature, progress of the reaction and the concentration of the electrolyte.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was found that the peak for vitamin B12 was maximal in 0.3 M ammonium acetate and the suitable preconcentration potential was −1.45 V. The optimum temperature was 35°C.
TL;DR: In this article, the kinetics of cathodic reduction of glucose were studied by a rotating disk electrode at rotation speeds from 500 to 6000 rpm and zero to 2.0 M concentration of glucose.
TL;DR: In this article, a sensitive method based on differential pulse polarography is described for the determination of elemental sulfur in jet fuels. But the method is not suitable for following small changes in the sulfur content of jet fuel during storage.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical reduction of some 5(1H)-pyrromethenones and 5-arylmethylene-3-pyrrolin-2-ones in imethylformamide (DMF) has been studied by polarography and by identification of their reduction products, which depend on the presence on the type of supporting electrolyte LiClO4 or tetraethyl ammonium perchlorate (TEAP).