Topic
Surface energy
About: Surface energy is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17879 publications have been published within this topic receiving 509658 citations. The topic is also known as: Surface energy.
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TL;DR: In this paper, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak broadening (Scherer) analysis were used to study coarsening and morphology development of nanocrystals.
940 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: In this article, the role of surface active species (surfactants) in heteroepitaxial growth was investigated and the use of a segregating surfactant was proposed to reduce the surface free energies of A and B and suppress island formation, as demonstrated in the growth of Si/Ge/Si(001) with a monolayer of As.
Abstract: We have investigated the role of surface-active species (surfactants) in heteroepitaxial growth. In general, the growth mode is determined by the balance between surface, interface, and film free energies. Thus, if A wets B, B will not wet A. Any attempt at growing an A/B/A heterostructure must overcome this fundamental obstacle. We propose the use of a segregating surfactant to reduce the surface free energies of A and B and suppress island formation, as demonstrated in the growth of Si/Ge/Si(001) with a monolayer of As. Control of growth by amnipulation of surface energetics provides a new avenue to achieve high-quality man-made microstructures against thermodynamic odds.
939 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use dewetting to make arrays of nanoscale particles for electronic and photonic devices and for catalyzing growth of nanotubes and nanowires.
Abstract: Solid films are usually metastable or unstable in the as-deposited state, and they will dewet or agglomerate to form islands when heated to sufficiently high temperatures. This process is driven by surface energy minimization and can occur via surface diffusion well below a film's melting temperature, especially when the film is very thin. Dewetting during processing of films for use in micro- and nanosystems is often undesirable, and means of avoiding dewetting are important in this context. However, dewetting can also be useful in making arrays of nanoscale particles for electronic and photonic devices and for catalyzing growth of nanotubes and nanowires. Templating of dewetting using patterned surface topography or prepatterning of films can be used to create ordered arrays of particles and complex patterns of partially dewetted structures. Studies of dewetting can also provide fundamental new insight into the effects of surface energy anisotropy and facets on shape evolution.
936 citations
TL;DR: Graphene sheets produced through chemical exfoliation of natural graphite flake and hydrazine conversion are found to be hydrophilic and hydrophobic, and isolated graphene layers seem more difficult to wet in comparison to graphite, and low adhesion work was found in the graphene-liquid interface.
Abstract: Graphene sheets were produced through chemical exfoliation of natural graphite flake and hydrazine conversion. Subsequently, graphene sheets were assembled into a thin film, and microscale liquid droplets were placed onto the film surface for measurement of wettability and contact angle. It is found that a graphene oxide sheet is hydrophilic and a graphene sheet is hydrophobic. Isolated graphene layers seem more difficult to wet in comparison to graphite, and low adhesion work was found in the graphene-liquid interface. Approximation of solid-liquid interfacial energy with the equation of state theory was applied to determine the graphene surface energy. The results indicate that surface energy of graphene and graphene oxide is 46.7 and 62.1 mJ/m2, respectively, while natural graphite flake shows a surface free energy of 54.8 mJ/m2 at room temperature. These results will provide valuable guidance for the design and manufacturing of graphene-based biomaterials, medical instruments, structural composites, electronics, and renewable energy devices.
927 citations
01 May 1950
TL;DR: In this paper, a distinction is made between the surface Helmholtz free energy F, and the surface tension γ, which is the tangential stress (force per unit length) in the surface layer; this stress must be balanced either by external forces or by volume stresses in the body.
Abstract: A distinction is made between the surface Helmholtz free energy F, and the surface tension γ. The surface energy is the work necessary to form unit area of surface by a process of division: the surface tension is the tangential stress (force per unit length) in the surface layer; this stress must be balanced either by external forces or by volume stresses in the body. The surface tension of a crystal face is related to the surface free energy by the relation γ=F+A(dF/dA), where A is the area of the surface. For a one-component liquid, surface free energy and tension are equal. For crystals the surface tension is not equal to the surface energy. The standard thermodynamic formulae of surface physics are reviewed, and it is found that the surface free energy appears in the expression for the equilibrium contact angle, and in the Kelvin expression for the excess vapour pressure of small drops, but that the surface tension appears in the expression for the difference in pressure between the two sides of a curved surface. The surface tensions of inert-gas and alkali-halide crystals are calculated from expressions for their surface energies and are found to be negative. The surface tensions of homopolar crystals are zero if it is possible to neglect the interaction between atoms that are not nearest neighbours.
882 citations