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Surface modification

About: Surface modification is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 35544 publications have been published within this topic receiving 859567 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
14 Aug 2007-ACS Nano
TL;DR: This work introduces the concept of "functionalization partitioning" of SWNTs, i.e., imparting multiple chemical species, such as PEG, drugs, and fluorescent tags, with different functionalities onto the surface of the same nanotube, which should open up new opportunities in chemical, biological, and medical applications of novel nanomaterials.
Abstract: We show that large surface areas exist for supramolecular chemistry on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) prefunctionalized noncovalently or covalently by common surfactant or acid-oxidation routes. Water-soluble SWNTs with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalization via these routes allow for surprisingly high degrees of π-stacking of aromatic molecules, including a cancer drug (doxorubicin) with ultrahigh loading capacity, a widely used fluorescence molecule (fluorescein), and combinations of molecules. Binding of molecules to nanotubes and their release can be controlled by varying the pH. The strength of π-stacking of aromatic molecules is dependent on nanotube diameter, leading to a method for controlling the release rate of molecules from SWNTs by using nanotube materials with suitable diameter. This work introduces the concept of “functionalization partitioning” of SWNTs, i.e., imparting multiple chemical species, such as PEG, drugs, and fluorescent tags, with different functionalities onto t...

1,289 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the initiator molecules were covalently bonded to the graphene surface via a diazonium addition and the succeeding atom transfer radical polymerization linked polystyrene chains (82 wt% grafting efficiency).
Abstract: For developing high performance graphene-based nanocomposites, dispersal of graphene nanosheets in polymer hosts and precise interface control are challenging due to their strong interlayer cohesive energy and surface inertia. Here we report an efficient method to functionalize graphene nanosheets. The initiator molecules were covalently bonded to the graphene surface via a diazonium addition and the succeeding atom transfer radical polymerization linked polystyrene chains (82 wt% grafting efficiency) to the graphene nanosheets. The prominent confinement effect arising from nanosheets resulted in a 15 °C increase in the glass transition temperature of polystyrene compared to the pure polymer. The resulting polystyrene nanocomposites with 0.9 wt% graphene nanosheets revealed around 70% and 57% increases in tensile strength and Young's modulus. The protocol is believed to offer possibilities for optimizing the processing properties and interface structure of graphene-polymer nanocomposites.

1,226 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the use of pretreated natural fibers in polymer matrix-based composites has been reviewed and the effect of surface modification of natural fibers on the properties of fibers and fiber reinforced polymer composites is also discussed.
Abstract: In recent years, natural fibers reinforced composites have received much attention because of their lightweight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Among the various natural fibers; flax, bamboo, sisal, hemp, ramie, jute, and wood fibers are of particular interest. A lot of research work has been performed all over the world on the use of natural fibers as a reinforcing material for the preparation of various types of composites. However, lack of good interfacial adhesion, low melting point, and poor resistance towards moisture make the use of natural fiber reinforced composites less attractive. Pretreatments of the natural fiber can clean the fiber surface, chemically modify the surface, stop the moisture absorption process, and increase the surface roughness. Among the various pretreatment techniques, graft copolymerization and plasma treatment are the best methods for surface modification of natural fibers. Graft copolymers of natural fibers with vinyl monomers provide better adhesion between matrix and fiber. In the present article, the use of pretreated natural fibers in polymer matrix-based composites has been reviewed. Effect of surface modification of natural fibers on the properties of fibers and fiber reinforced polymer composites has also been discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers

1,201 citations

Book
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the use of wood is discussed in the twenty-first century and a number of techniques for modifying the properties of wood are presented. But none of them are suitable for outdoor use.
Abstract: Foreword. Series Preface. Preface. List of Abbreviations. 1. The Use of Timber in the Twenty-first Century 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Nonrenewables: a Finite and Exhaustible Resource. 1.3 Renewable Materials. 1.4 The Global Timber Resource. 1.5 Timber Production. 1.6 Wood Preservation. 1.7 Preservative-treated Wood and Legislation. 1.8 Competition from Nonrenewable Materials. 1.9 The Need for Wood Modification. 1.10 Conclusions. 2. Modifying the Properties of Wood. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Wood Properties and Wood Modification. 2.3 Wood Modification Methods. 2.4 The Cell Wall of Wood. 2.5 The Chemical Constituents of Wood. 2.6 The Wood-Water Relationship. 2.7 The Mechanical Properties of Modified Wood. 2.8 Modified Wood and Biological Degradation. 2.9 Wood and Weathering. 2.10 Proof of Bonding. 2.11 Conclusions. 3. Chemical Modification of Wood (I): Acetic Anhydride Modification. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Reaction Protocols. 3.3 Cell Wall Reactivity. 3.4 Analysis of Anhydride-modified Wood. 3.5 Dimensional Stability. 3.6 Mechanical Properties. 3.7 Microbiological Degradation. 3.8 Biological Degradation by Insects and Marine Organisms. 3.9 Moisture Relationships of Anhydride-modified Wood. 3.10 Composites Utilizing Acetic Anhydride Modified Wood. 3.11 Conclusions. 4. Chemical Modification of Wood (II): Reaction with Other Chemicals. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Reaction of Wood with Other Noncyclic Anhydrides. 4.3 Reaction of Wood with Cyclic Anhydrides. 4.4 Acetylation Using Ketene Gas. 4.5 Carboxylic Acid Modification. 4.6 Acid Chloride Modification. 4.7 Isocyanate Modification. 4.8 Epoxide Modification. 4.9 Alkyl Halide Modification. 4.10 Aldehyde Modification. 4.11 Cyanoethylation. 4.12 Beta-Propiolactone. 4.13 Quinone Methides. 4.14 Conclusions. 5. Thermal Modification of Wood. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Process Variables. 5.3 Chemical Changes in Wood due to Thermal Modification. 5.4 Physical Changes in Wood due to Thermal Modification. 5.5 Biological Properties of Thermally Modified Wood. 5.6 Compressed Wood. 5.7 Oil Heat-treatments. 5.8 Conclusions. 6. Surface Modification. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Surface Chemical Modification for UV Stability. 6.3 Modification to Render the Wood Surface Hydrophobic. 6.4 Surface Chemical Modification for Bonding. 6.5 Enzymatic Modification. 6.6 Corona or Plasma Discharge. 6.7 Conclusions. 7. Impregnation Modification. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Resin Treatments. 7.3 Impregnations using Silicon-containing Compounds. 7.4 Other Inorganic Cell Wall Precipitation Treatments. 7.5 Cell Wall Impregnation with Monomers. 7.6 Cell Wall Impregnation with Polymers. 7.7 Conclusions. 8. Commercialization of Wood Modification. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Thermal Modification. 8.3 Oil Heat Modification/Treatments. 8.4 Acetylation. 8.5 Impregnation Modification. 8.6 Conclusions. 9. Wood Modification: Environmental Considerations and Future Developments. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Principles of the Determination of Environmental Impact. 9.3 Methods of Determining Environmental Impacts. 9.4 The Environmental Impact of Wood Modification. 9.5 Industrial Ecology and Wood Modification. 9.6 The Future of Wood Modification. References. Index.

1,192 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
25 Jun 2003-Langmuir
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemical reduction of graphite oxide (GO) to graphite by either NaBH4 or hydroquinone and also its surface modification with neutral, primary aliphatic amines and amino acids are described.
Abstract: The chemical reduction of graphite oxide (GO) to graphite by either NaBH4 or hydroquinone and also its surface modification with neutral, primary aliphatic amines and amino acids are described. Treatment of GO with NaBH4 leads to turbostatic graphite that upon calcination under an inert atmosphere is transformed to highly ordered graphitic carbon, while the reduction with hydroquinone yields directly crystalline graphite under soft thermal conditions. On account of the surface-exposed epoxy groups present in the GO solid, its surface modification with neutral, primary aliphatic amines or amine-containing molecules (amino acids and aminosiloxanes) takes place easily through the corresponding nucleophilic substitution reactions. In this way, valuable GO derivatives can be obtained, like molecular pillared GO, organically modified GO affording in organic solvents stable organosols or hydrophilic GO affording in water stable hydrosols and possessing direct cation exchange sites. The potential combination of s...

1,168 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20232,530
20225,209
20211,961
20202,217
20192,313
20182,263