Topic
Surface tension
About: Surface tension is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 25410 publications have been published within this topic receiving 695471 citations.
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TL;DR: In this article, the surface of wood flour used as reinforcement in PP/wood composites was successfully modified by benzylation in NaOH solution of 20 wt% concentration at 105 °C.
Abstract: The surface of wood flour used as reinforcement in PP/wood composites was successfully modified by benzylation in NaOH solution of 20 wt% concentration at 105 °C. The time of the reaction was changed between 5 and 360 min in several steps. The progress of modification was followed by the measurement of weight increase and by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT). The structure of the wood was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and its surface tension was determined by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). PP composites containing 20 wt% filler were prepared from a PP block copolymer and the modified wood flour. The mechanical behavior of the composites was characterized by tensile testing. The majority of the active hydroxyl groups at the surface were replaced by benzyl groups in about 2 h under the conditions used. Further increase in reaction time did not influence the properties of the filler. Both the structure of the wood flour and its surface tension changed as an effect of modification. The reduction of surface tension led to significant changes in all interactions between the wood flour and other substances resulting in a considerable decrease of water absorption, which is the major benefit of this modification. All measured mechanical properties of the composites decreased slightly with increasing degree of modification. A detailed analysis of the results proved that the dominating micromechanical deformation process of these PP/wood composites is debonding, which is further facilitated by the decrease in the surface tension of the filler. Chemical modification of wood flour slightly improved processability and the surface appearance of the composites prepared with them and considerably decreased the water absorption of these latter.
131 citations
131 citations
Patent•
IBM1
TL;DR: In this paper, a source of energy is selectively applied to a liquid stream to reduce the surface tension of the liquid and is applied before the stream would randomly break up into droplets.
Abstract: A source of energy is selectively applied to a liquid stream to reduce the surface tension of the liquid and is applied before the stream would randomly break up into droplets. Both the quantity of energy applied and the time period that the energy is applied are controlled to control the time to droplet breakoff and the time between droplets by selectively reducing the surface tension of segments of the stream. The source of energy can be high intensity light, which is converted by the stream to heat energy, or a source of heat (resistive or inductive) with the resistive heat being applied to the stream by conduction and the inductive heat being converted by the stream to heat energy.
131 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a non-linear regression calculation procedure was developed which permits calculation of surface tension and contact angle for any sessile drop shape with a contact angle greater than zero.
131 citations
TL;DR: The variation of CMC values as a function of NaCl concentration obtained from the surface tension measurements and critical packing parameter (CPP) calculations show that spherical micelles, bilayer and rod like micells are formed in the rhamnolipid solutions as afunction of the Na Cl concentration.
131 citations