Showing papers on "Surprise published in 1988"
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01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, Ephraim Kam analyzes eleven major surprise attacks that have been launched since the outbreak of World War II (by no means the only ones that occured), starting with the German invasion of Denmark and Norway in 1940 and ending with the Eyptian-Syrian attack on Isreal in 1973.
Abstract: A new version of this book is now available. The striking thing about surprise attack is how frequently it succeeds--even in our own day, when improvements in communications and intelligence gathering should make it extremly difficult to sneak up on anyone. Ephraim Kam observes surprise attack through the eyes of its victim in order to understand the causes of the victim's failure to to anticipate the coming war. Kam analyzes eleven major surprise attacks that have been launched since the outbreak of World War II (by no means the only ones that occured), starting with the German invasion of Denmark and Norway in 1940 and ending with the Eyptian-Syrian attack on Isreal in 1973, in a systematic comparative effort to find the elements that successful sorties have in common. He tackles the problem on four levels: the individual analyst, the small group, the large organization, and the decision makers. Emphasizing the psychological aspects of warfare, Kam traces the behavior of the victim at various functional levels and from several points of view in order to examine the difficulties, mistakes, and "idees fixes" that permit a nation to be taken by surprise. He argues that anticipation and prediction of a coming war are more complicated than any other issue of strategic estimation, involving such interdependent factors as analytical contradictions, judgmental biases, organizational obstacles, and political as well as military constraints.
94 citations
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45 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the Surprise Test Paradox is used to prove that common sense cannot be common knowledge, and a formal treatment of the framework of game theoretic axioms is given.
24 citations
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01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The psychoanalytic researcher is in part to verify what the clinician already knows as mentioned in this paper, and the goal of research must also be to discover what we have previously had no access to, and what we seem to know, but wrongly.
Abstract: The task of the psychoanalytic researcher is in part to verify what the clinician already knows. For much of what the researcher finds the response of the clinician must be, “I knew that all along.” But the goal of research must also be to discover what we have previously had no access to, and what we seem to know, but wrongly. You can see that the work of the researcher is in some respects like that of the patient as well as the therapist. All participants in the psychoanalytic enterprise are attempting to detect psychic structures that have previously been unrecognized. At all levels, the achievement of new knowledge, the “surprise”, depends on the articulation of connections and associations so that gaps can be uncovered and ambiguities resolved.
24 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical analysis shows that the use of reathose generated by a participant and those generated by sonable and traditional rules of thumb can lead to a surthe situation.
Abstract: Conflicts and cooperation offer two kinds of surprises: ition, mathematical analysis shows that the use of reathose generated by a participant and those generated by sonable and traditional rules of thumb can lead to surthe situation. Surprises of the first kind are familiar. For prising results for all participants. Mathematical analyses example, in The Art of War (1521), the Florentine bureau- of these models appear elsewhere. Here I describe only crat Niccolb Machiavelli counseled military commanders the models and their properties. to surprise their opponents; he gave many historical Because the training and intuition of different peoexamples of such surprises. How best to achieve surprise ple are different, one person's surprise is often another in political and military conflicts is person's so-what. In the examples
23 citations
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20 citations
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TL;DR: This paper examined technical writing in English by Japanese authors and pointed out that Japanese rhetorical structure addresses an underlying communication goal that is very different from the goal of Aristotle's persuasive discourse; Japanese technical writers also consider elements such as beauty, surprise, and easy flow as desirable measures of good writing.
Abstract: Technical writing in English by Japanese authors is examined. It is pointed out that Japanese rhetorical structure addresses an underlying communication goal that is very different from the goal of Aristotle's persuasive discourse; Japanese technical writers also consider elements such as beauty, surprise, and easy flow as desirable measures of good writing. This fundamental difference in approaching the problem of writing often produces confusing results. >
18 citations
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TL;DR: The article considers volitional facial expressions as emotional messages and finds that in the main the actor succeeds in the task, though there are some systematic limitations in his repertoire.
Abstract: The article considers volitional facial expressions as emotional messages. The following two questions were posed: Is it possible for an actor to express pleasure, surprise, hate, fear, and sorrow, and pairwise combinations of these, plus additionally love, making 16 different shades of meaning altogether? Can these pure and blended expressions be recognized from still photographs? The repertoire of one actor was studied. The judgemental study of recognition was based on a multimethod approach, which included both judgements of the expressions using verbal labels and non-verbal judgements planned to reveal the cluster structure of the stimuli. Five experiments are reported. In the main the actor succeeds in the task, though there are some systematic limitations in his repertoire. The results depend systematically on the way the task has been structured. Still photographs are seen as useful for specific purposes.
16 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the Surprise Test Paradox is used to prove that common sense cannot be common knowledge, and a formal treatment of the framework of game theoretic axioms is given.
Abstract: This paper attempts to study the consistency of several basic game-theoretic axioms. Two by-products are the introduction of information-dependent games, and a formal treatment of the framework of game theoretic axioms. In this setup a version of the Surprise Test Paradox is used to prove that common sense cannot be common knowledge.
13 citations
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TL;DR: For instance, the authors show that only at two places in the Gospel and one in the Epistles is the language of blindness explicitly used, in John 9, John 12.40 and 1 John 2.11.
Abstract: That blindness should be a theme in the Johannine literature need cause no surprise; with the dualism of light and darkness and with the emphasis on what has been seen, witnessed and believed, the surprise is rather that the theme is not more prevalent. Only at two places in the Gospel and one in the Epistles is the language of blindness explicitly used, in John 9, John 12. 40 and 1 John 2. 11. However, since each of these can be seen as a focal point or interpretative key to the Johannine tradition the theme could be held to present in microcosm the history of the Johannine community. Chapter 9, the healing of the blind man, has played a central role in recent reconstructions of that history, while the reflection on the effects of Jesus's public ministry in 12. 37–50, before he turns away to address ‘his own’, invites similar treatment. Finally, the redirection towards internal opposition of language originally aimed outwards has long been seen as a mark of 1 John and as central to its interpretation. The exploration of the theme may serve in the same way to test in microcosm the presuppositions and results of such reconstruction. It also does more than this, for the imagery of blindness is by no means unique to John and raises clearly the question of the origins as well as of the context of Johannine thought.
10 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The relationship between Plutarch and Nepos was investigated in this article, where the authors put the relationship between the two writers in a broader context, focusing on the Plutarchean Quellenforschung.
Abstract: It is now almost a hundred years since the publication of Soltau's article on Nepos and Plutarch2—the only study, as far as I am aware, that deals exclusively with the two biographers. It will come as no surprise that Soltau's paper was devoted solely to Plutarchean Quellenforschung, written, as it was, in the heyday of that genre. (As a matter of fact it was well above par for the course). The present study aims at putting the relationship between the two writers in a broader context. While there is no need to discuss again3 those Plutarchean biographies where Nepos was used as a source it may well be worth the while to try and reconstruct the circumstances in which Plutarch came to rely on Nepos as well as the extent of that reliance; a better understanding of Plutarch's dependence on Nepos will help us to assess the extent of his innovation and achievement.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared academic achievement traits of men and women to determine why women are underrepresented in certain curricula, especially engineering, and found that women are less likely to be accepted in engineering programs.
Abstract: The following study compared academic achievement traits of men and women to determine why women are underrepresented in certain curricula, especially engineering. Math-related attitude and anxiety factors were examined via a questionnaire, and a number of ACT test scores were studied. The results may surprise some readers and should be of interest to all advisors working with science and/or engineering students, especially women students.
01 Dec 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the nature, means, and potential im pact of surprise and maskirovka evolve in consonance with changing conditions and changing times, consistent with their dialectical view of history.
Abstract: : The Soviets firmly believe that the nature, means, and potential im pact of surprise and maskirovka evolve in consonance with changing conditions and changing times. This conviction is consistent with, if not an inevitable product of, their dialectical view of history. Changes in national attitudes (political, social) and mores, although difficult to measure, are part of the dialectical process. They determine impact and influence the atmosphere in which surprise and maskirovka are employed. More easily understood is the effect that changing technology has on prospects of achieving surprise. It is in this area that the potential effects of maskirovka's future use have been most pronounced. The introduction of new weapons systems, nuclear weapons, computer technology, and a wide variety of technological innovations has confronted military planners with new problems. The Soviets certainly consider pertinent to the modern era the basic intent, method, technique, and perhaps the basic principles of surprise and maskirovka derived from a study of experience. The basics must, however, be constantly and carefully reconsidered in the light of technological change, to ensure their continued applicability in contemporary or future war. Post-war writings had indicated that the Soviets have sought to keep abreast of those changes. Keywords: Reprints.
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TL;DR: In boundary 2 as mentioned in this paper, a very high proportion of those selected for publication in boundary 2 articulate many of the same concerns and preoccupations voiced in the Ryan's present contribution.
Abstract: Mr. Rory Ryan's essay has occasioned uncommon interest among boundary 2 editors. To be sure, the basic critical-theoretical issues it touches upon came as no surprise and will undoubtedly be only too familiar to the regular readers of this journal. A great number of the essays submitted and a very high proportion of those selected for publication in boundary 2 articulate many of the same concerns and preoccupations voiced in the Ryan's present contribution. Indeed, it is fair to state what will be obvious to anyone familiar with the past contents of this journal, namely that we have devoted our pages to discussions, analyses and critiques of humanistic discourse, the oppositional possibilities of postNew Critical theory and criticism, the role of the intellectuals, cultural hegemony, the imperialist and racist impulses inherent in the Western tradition, and the politics of the institutions of literary study that are more elaborate, detailed, exhaustive and innovational than what Mr. Ryan can offer in his relatively brief essay. Nevertheless, Mr. Ryan's essay carries special significance and demands heightened attention. The specific historical moment and geographical site as well as the political and socio-cultural circumstances within which and about which the author pursued his
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01 Jan 1988TL;DR: In this article, a set of principles is proposed to account for the experience of emotions, for individual differences in emotional experience, and for seemingly paradoxical changes of emotional experiences in one individual over time.
Abstract: Phenomenology, structuralism and cybernetics have contributed to the present perspective on modes of consciousness that act as moderators upon the relations between emotions, motivation and cognition. In this chapter, a set of principles is proposed to account for the experience of emotions, for individual differences in emotional experience, and for seemingly paradoxical changes of emotional experiences in one individual over time. In this way the approach is different from that of Ekman and Friesen (1986) who proposed that emotions can be distinguished from moods by virtue of their signal characteristics. This is not to deny pan-cultural signal specificity of facial expression of anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, and happiness (possibly also of contempt), or to downgrade the possibility of so-called preparedness in responses to some affective facial displays (see, e.g., Dimberg, 1986; Ohman, this volume).
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01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The ways in which humans behave, including their adjustments to each other and to their communities, contribute to the complex interactions from which all activity arises as discussed by the authors, and attempts to think coherently about economic phenomena must incorporate, at least implicitly, some image of human motivation and epistemics, and skills by which accommodation between people is achieved.
Abstract: We cannot understand society without understanding people. The ways in which humans behave, including their adjustments to each other and to their communities, contribute to the complex interactions from which all activity arises. Attempts to think coherently about economic phenomena must incorporate, at least implicitly, some image of human motivation and epistemics, and of the skills by which accommodation between people is achieved. Only then can one gain insight into the individual’s emergence as a socially integrated creature responding to, and attempting to influence, events.
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TL;DR: 1. Shah GR, Gills JP, Durham DG, Ausmus WH: Three thousand YAG lasers in posterior capsulotomies: An analysis of complications and comparison to polishing and surgical discission.
Abstract: thalmol 30:385-390, 1986 3. Sellman TR, Lindstrom RL: Effect of a plano-convex posterior chamber lens on capsular opacification from Elschnig pearl formation. ] Cataract Refract Surg 14:68-72, 1988 4. Sterling S, Wood TO: Effect of intraocular lens convexity on posterior capsule opacification. ] Cataract Refract Surg 12:655-657, 1988 5. Lindstrom RL, Harris WS: Management of the posterior capsule following posterior chamber lens implantation. Am Intra-Ocular Implant Soc] 6:255-258, 1980 6. Harris WS: An approach to intraocular lens implantation. In: Rosen ES, Jaining WM, Arnott EJ, eds, Intraocular Lens Implantation. St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1984, pp 376-382 7. Drews RC: The Pearce tripod posterior chamber intraocular lens: An independent analysis of Pearce's results. Am IntraOcular Implant Soc J 6:259-262, 1980 8. Shah GR, Gills JP, Durham DG, Ausmus WH: Three thousand YAG lasers in posterior capsulotomies: An analysis of complications and comparison to polishing and surgical discission. Ophthalmic Surg 178:473-477, 1986
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TL;DR: In the first of a regular new series of Special Briefs which will review developments in economic theory and their practical implications, Dr Alexandra Hardie of Exeter university explains and analyses the efficient market hypothesis as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the first of a regular new series of Special Briefs which will review developments in economic theory and their practical implications, Dr Alexandra Hardie of Exeter university explains and analyses the efficient market hypothesis.
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TL;DR: The authors compare Escher's visual play and Joyce's verbal play to look at processes we usually overlook or take for granted: moments when perception becomes cognition and when cognition can become art.
Abstract: Familiarity with our world and our perceptual apparatus (our eye and brain mechanisms) deadens our perception, and so we need artists to shock us into seeing. James Joyce and M. C. Escher provide masterfully the necessary moments of surprise, trompe l'oeil, and tricks of the brain, to give us insight into cognition. They create a powerful conjunction because of their complexity and their play with our learned responses. Juxtaposing Escher's visual play and Joyce's verbal play forces us to look at processes we usually overlook or take for granted: moments when perception becomes cognition and when cognition can become art.1 Then we can analyze our own responses, as readers and as viewers.
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01 Jan 1988TL;DR: Since the discovery of quasars nearly twenty-five years ago, a significant fraction of the effort expended by astronomers on all topics in the study of active galactic nuclei has been devoted to the analysis of their emission lines as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Since the discovery of quasars nearly twenty-five years ago, a significant fraction of the effort expended by astronomers on all topics in the study of active galactic nuclei has been devoted to the analysis of their emission lines It will come as no surprise to anyone, therefore, to announce that genuine advances have been made Nor will it surprise anyone familiar with the frustrations of scientific work in any field that much remains to be done Looking back over this effort, what is surprising, however, is the degree to which it has been dominated by two conceptual schemes, one of them now twenty years old, and the other dating back fifteen years This realization appears especially striking when set against the typical style of discourse in the field, which, taking its cue from the almost botanical diversity of phenomena observed, divides up the subject matter into a great many subcategories, each considered independently of the others It is the object of this review to highlight the unities of this subject, and, using that simple conceptual framework as a guide, to both set out some recent results of particular interest and point the way to problems I see as ripe for solving in the near future
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01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In two-career relationships and everything gets shared, there should be no problem, right? as mentioned in this paper states that "egalitarianism surely prevails in two-Career relationships".
Abstract: Combining a professional career with family life poses difficulties for women. This may come as a surprise to some. After all, feminism supposedly won its battles in the 1960s and 1970s. There should be no problem—egalitarianism surely prevails in two-career relationships and everything gets shared.