Topic
Surprise
About: Surprise is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4371 publications have been published within this topic receiving 99386 citations.
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TL;DR: It is suggested that surprise interrupts cognition via the same fronto-basal ganglia mechanism that interrupts action, which motivates a new neural theory of how cognition is interrupted, and how distraction arises after surprising events.
Abstract: Surprising events markedly affect behaviour and cognition, yet the underlying mechanism is unclear. Surprise recruits a brain mechanism that globally suppresses motor activity, ostensibly via the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia. Here, we tested whether this suppressive mechanism extends beyond skeletomotor suppression and also affects cognition (here, verbal working memory, WM). We recorded scalp-EEG (electrophysiology) in healthy participants and STN local field potentials in Parkinson's patients during a task in which surprise disrupted WM. For scalp-EEG, surprising events engage the same independent neural signal component that indexes action stopping in a stop-signal task. Importantly, the degree of this recruitment mediates surprise-related WM decrements. Intracranially, STN activity is also increased post surprise, especially when WM is interrupted. These results suggest that surprise interrupts cognition via the same fronto-basal ganglia mechanism that interrupts action. This motivates a new neural theory of how cognition is interrupted, and how distraction arises after surprising events.
109 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a general theory of deception is proposed for military deception and strategic surprise in the context of strategic surprise, and the theory is extended to include deception in general theory.
Abstract: (1982). Toward a general theory of deception. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 5, Military Deception and Strategic Surprise, pp. 178-192.
109 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that those who refer to literature plain and simple, without the quotation marks designed to suspend the habitual reference of the term, run the risk of losing sight of the present crisis of the paradigm, including the theoretical discourses and disciplinary practices that reveal and intensify that crisis.
Abstract: Those who refer to literature plain and simple, without the quotation marks designed to suspend the habitual reference of the term, run the risk of losing sight of the present crisis of the paradigm, including the theoretical discourses and disciplinary practices that reveal and intensify that crisis. Among the latter, the practice known as Cultural Studies acquires its place of relevance in close connection with the problematization of the literary text's undecidable nature. Surely, in the expression "literary text," the former term still carries the heavier burden of disputability-and this should not surprise us. Once the phenomenon called "literature" is placed in a secure, undivided, independent, and immune position, the result is a silencing or suspension of the relevant cultural conditions that have situated it as a contingent notion. The flip side to that silence is the exclusion of subaltern spaces, an exclusion generated by a canon founded on a concept of language that is marked in a specific aesthetic sense and contains the power to cover up its own historicity. The most immediate effect of a contingency that wraps itself in secrecy to hide its own dimensions is an elevation of the paradigm to the privileged position of universality. Although, as Garcia Canclini pointed out in a slightly different context, there is no "reason to abandon the
108 citations
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TL;DR: The authors examined differences between East Asian and Western emotional reactions to unexpected incentives and found that if the unexpected gift is attributed to good luck, East Asians experience even greater pleasure than Westerners.
Abstract: Consumer reactions to a surprising event are generally stronger than those to an identical but unexpected event. But the experience of surprise differs across cultures. In this article, we examine differences between East Asian and Western emotional reactions to unexpected incentives. When given an unexpected gift, East Asians report less surprise and less pleasure than Westerners. East Asians’ dampened pleasure is explained by their motivation to maintain balance and emotional control, which leads to a reappraisal of perceived likelihood. However, if the unexpected gift is attributed to good luck, which is a desirable form of the unexpected, East Asians experience even greater pleasure than Westerners.
107 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a RISE framework for navigating the fiscal effects of COVID-19 and relying on recent surveys to assess local governments' and nonprofit organizations' response strategies is proposed.
Abstract: The rate of expansion and breadth of COVID-19 caught the world by surprise. From the perspective of nonprofit and public entities responsible for service provision, this pandemic is also unprecedented. We offer a RISE framework for navigating the fiscal effects of COVID-19 and rely on recent surveys to assess local governments' and nonprofit organizations' response strategies. We find that many nonprofits were hit the fastest and hardest by the pandemic and that local governments are, essentially, trying to figure out their financial condition moving into the next budget cycle.
106 citations