Topic
Surprise
About: Surprise is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4371 publications have been published within this topic receiving 99386 citations.
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TL;DR: Zhang et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated how people's feelings about the outcomes of a venture affect their subjective judgment on the value and probability of founding a new business and found that an entrepreneur's hope of creating a successful new venture significantly increases the attractiveness and perceived success likelihood of the new venture.
Abstract: A new venture is likely to be perceived as either an opportunity or a risk. People also vary in their subjective judgment of the probability of a new venture’s success. From an affective approach, this study investigates how people’s feelings about the outcomes of a venture affect their subjective judgment on the value and probability of founding a new business. It was found that an entrepreneur’s hope of creating a successful new venture significantly increases the attractiveness and perceived success likelihood of the new venture. Those who show less fear of failure and lower surprise for the success tend to view a new venture as an opportunity. Those who show less anger, regret, and higher contempt of failure and lower surprise of success as well as lower trait sadness judge a higher subjective probability for the success of founding a new firm. These findings reveal entrepreneurs’ initiatives in economic activities. Positive and negative implications are discussed, particularly for entrepreneurial activities in China.
83 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between children's developing theory of mind and their ability to engage in two social behaviors which have, as their cognitive underpinning, the representation that what one knows may not be accessible to others.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between children's developing theory of mind and their ability to engage in two social behaviors which have, as their cognitive underpinning, the representation that what one knows may not be accessible to others. Children of 3, 4, and 5 years, in a quasi-naturalistic setting, played hide-and-seek and also were required to keep a secret about a surprise. The ability to play hide-and-seek was significantly related to children's ability to refrain from disclosing the secret, and there was a significant relationship between these behaviors and children's social cognition, as measured by theory of mind tasks. The relationship between these social behaviors and tasks measuring executive function was not significant once age was taken into account. With regard to the development of these social behaviors, few 3-year-olds, but most 4-year-olds, and almost all 5-year-olds could successfully play hide-and-seek and keep a secret. This study demonstrates the importance of the conceptual understanding of mental states in the young child's social world.
82 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the effect of unanticipated ambient media on consumer perception of advertising and find that surprise elicits positive effects via two processes; the amplification of accompanying evaluations and the interplay of attention and incongruence resolution.
81 citations
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TL;DR: The Environmental Surprise: Expecting the Unexpected? Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 6-34,.
Abstract: (1996). Environmental Surprise: Expecting the Unexpected? Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 6-34.
81 citations
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TL;DR: The so-called "birthday surprise" is the fact that, on the average, one need only stop about 24 people at random to discover two who have the same birthday.
81 citations