Topic
Surprise
About: Surprise is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4371 publications have been published within this topic receiving 99386 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss Black undergraduate men's out-of-class engagement and social experiences, identity development, participation in intercollegiate athletics, and college enrollm...
Abstract: BackgroundMuch has been written about Black undergraduate men's out-of-class engagement and social experiences, identity development, participation in intercollegiate athletics, and college enrollm...
50 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared surprise rewards with membership discount rewards in terms of their impact on customer responses of delight, frustration and satisfaction, and found that surprise rewards are more effective than membership discount reward for enhancing customer delight and satisfaction and attenuating customer frustration.
50 citations
TL;DR: The free energy principle provides a sound theoretical basis for psychotherapy practice, training, and research and parallels with psychoanalytic theory are outlined, including Freud's unpublished project, Bion’s “contact barrier” concept, the Fonagy/Target model of sexuality, Laplanche's therapist as “enigmatic signifier,” and the role of projective identification.
Abstract: The free energy principle (FEP) has gained widespread interest and growing acceptance as a new paradigm of brain function, but has had little impact on the theory and practice of psychotherapy. The aim of this paper is to redress this. Brains rely on Bayesian inference during which "bottom-up" sensations are matched with "top-down" predictions. Discrepancies result in "prediction error." The brain abhors informational "surprise," which is minimized by (1) action enhancing the statistical likelihood of sensory samples, (2) revising inferences in the light of experience, updating "priors" to reality-aligned "posteriors," and (3) optimizing the complexity of our generative models of a capricious world. In all three, free energy is converted to bound energy. In psychopathology energy either remains unbound, as in trauma and inhibition of agency, or manifests restricted, anachronistic "top-down" narratives. Psychotherapy fosters client agency, linguistic and practical. Temporary uncoupling bottom-up from top-down automatism and fostering scrutinized simulations sets a number of salutary processes in train. Mentalising enriches Bayesian inference, enabling experience and feeling states to be "metabolized" and assimilated. "Free association" enhances more inclusive sensory sampling, while dream analysis foregrounds salient emotional themes as "attractors." FEP parallels with psychoanalytic theory are outlined, including Freud's unpublished project, Bion's "contact barrier" concept, the Fonagy/Target model of sexuality, Laplanche's therapist as "enigmatic signifier," and the role of projective identification. The therapy stimulates patients to become aware of and revise the priors' they bring to interpersonal experience. In the therapeutic "duet for one," the energy binding skills and non-partisan stance of the analyst help sufferers face trauma without being overwhelmed by psychic entropy. Overall, the FEP provides a sound theoretical basis for psychotherapy practice, training, and research.
49 citations
DOI•
01 Nov 2002
TL;DR: This paper argued that evaluating the comparative communicative success of two alternative sentences generated by any given grammar is not a proper concern of linguistics, despite the fact that both pure and applied linguistics teachers, in their role as teachers, are daily involved in telling students how to improve their linguistic skills.
Abstract: All branches of linguistics are first and foremost descriptive and thus it is
no surprise that text linguistics confines itself to describing what is, in other
words to (selections from) already existing and usually published texts.
The past thirty years have seen fascinating and lively debate about the nature
and boundaries of linguistics, but one tenet has remained unchallenged:
that linguistics is concerned solely with making descriptive and not
prescriptive statements. While it is universally agreed that evaluating
alternative grammars is a proper concern of linguistics, evaluating the
comparative communicative success of two alternative sentences generated
by any given grammar is not-despite the fact that both pure and applied
linguists, in their role as teachers, are daily involved in telling students how
to improve their linguistic skills.
49 citations
01 Dec 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that a surprise increase in the current price (due to, say, a change in the tariff rate) may cause a resource firm to increase or decrease its current rate of extraction, depending on its expectation of future changes in the price.
Abstract: It is shown that a surprise increase in the current price (due to, say, a change in the tariff rate) may cause a resource firm to increase or decrease its current rate of extraction, depending on its expectation of future changes in the price. The key parameters are the rate of price change in the absence of the surprise shock, the rate of interest, and the rate of change of the tax rates. Copyright 1985 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd/University of Adelaide and Flinders University of South Australia
49 citations