Sustenance

About: Sustenance is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1289 publications have been published within this topic receiving 13630 citations.

Triple Bottom Line: A Business Metaphor for a Social Construct

Abstract: Organizational management is specifi cally granted fi duciary responsibility over society’s economic resources, which consist of natural and human resources. Because of their privileged status, organizational management and the associated business professions play a central role in the long-term viability of a democratically governed society grounded in justice, equality, and trust. Acting in the public interest requires consideration of natural, social, and economic systems. Natural systems provide the context and sustenance for social systems and, therefore, must be respected, nurtured, and sustained. Social systems provide the context and purpose of economic systems. Business professionals, such as accounting and other information providers, analysts, and monitors; and regulatory agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),2 Environmental Protection Agency, and Food and Drug Administration, facilitate and scrutinize organizational management in carrying out their fi duciary responsibility.

Evidence for Healthy Cities: reflections on practice, method and theory

Abstract: The European Healthy Cities project can be characterized as a social movement that employs an extremely wide range of political, social and behavioural interventions for the development and sustenance of urban population health. At all of these levels, the movement is inspired by ideological, theoretical and evidence-based perspectives. The result of this stance is a dynamic, complex and diverse landscape of initiatives, plans, programmes and actions. In quantitative terms (the number of WHO designated cities and associated cities and communities through national networks), 'Healthy Cities' can be regarded as an extraordinary accomplishment and a credit for both WHO and cities in the movement. In qualitative terms, however, critics of the movement have maintained that little evidence on its success and effectiveness has been generated. This critique finds its foundations in the mere perceptions of evidence, the politics of science and urban governance, and perspectives on the preferred or professed utilities of evidence-based health notions. The article reviews the nature of evidence and its interface with politics and governance. Applying a conceptual framework combining insights from knowledge utilization theory, theoretical perspectives on (health) policy development, theory-based evaluations and planned intervention approaches, it demonstrates that, although the evidence is overwhelming, there are barriers to the implementation of such evidence that should be further addressed by 'Healthy Cities'.

The Division of Labor: Conceptualization and Related Measures

Abstract: The division of labor refers to differences among members of a population in their sustenance activities and the related functional interdependence. It is proposed that the first dimension of the division of labor, sustenance differentiation, may be measured with data on occupational composition. Six alternative measures are presented and evaluated. Emphasis is placed on the attention each gives to the two aspects of sustenance differentiation: structural differentiation (number of classes) and distributive differentiation (distribution of individuals among the classes). The notion of a division of labor has had a strange history in the social sciences. In light of classical studies by Adam Smith (1776) and Emile Durkheim (1893), no economist or sociologist would question the importance of the phenomenon. But since these two classics did not engender a viable tradition of research and theory, there has been little progress in the conceptualization or measurement of the division of labor. (See the recent commentary by

Projectification and its consequences : narrow and broad conceptualisations

Abstract: In this article, we argue that an increased focus on the processes of projectification would be beneficial to project research. By introducing a distinction between narrow and broad conceptualisations of projectification, we extend this research area from its current concern with the increased primacy of projects in contemporary organisational structures into an interest for cultural and discursive processes in a society in which notions of projects are invoked. Through an illustration from our earlier empirical research on the sustenance of project work form and its consequences, the implications of applying broad conceptualisations are further discussed.

National development in Nigeria: Issues, challenges and prospects

Abstract: Development is critical and essential to the sustenance and growth of any nation. A country is classified as developed when is able to provide qualitative life for her citizenry. Nigeria in the last fifty years has been battling with the problems of development in spite of huge human, material and natural resources in her possession. The paper discussed the problems affecting national development as well as strategies for achieving sustainable development in Nigeria. The paper adopted secondary data as sources of information. The paper concluded that faithful implementation of development plan, commitment on the part of the leaders and absence of corruption are required for the achievement of sustainable development in Nigeria. Key words: National development, development, Nigeria, developing society, governance, development plan.