Topic
Target hardening
About: Target hardening is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 113 publications have been published within this topic receiving 5473 citations.
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Papers
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Book•
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this article, a serious challenge to those who believe that only broad-based, state funded mega-projects constitute genuine preventive initiatives is presented, in which the authors present a case study of preventive initiatives.
Abstract: This book is a serious challenge to those who believe that only broad-based, state funded mega-projects constitute genuine preventive initiatives.
1,344 citations
TL;DR: Situational prevention seeks to reduce opportunities for specific categories of crime by increasing the associated risks and difficulties and reducing the rewards as discussed by the authors, which is composed of three main elements: an articulated theoretical framework, a standard methodology for tackling specific crime problems, and a set of opportunity-reducing techniques.
Abstract: Situational prevention seeks to reduce opportunities for specific categories of crime by increasing the associated risks and difficulties and reducing the rewards. It is composed of three main elements: an articulated theoretical framework, a standard methodology for tackling specific crime problems, and a set of opportunity-reducing techniques. The theoretical framework is informed by a variety of "opportunity" theories, including the routine activity and rational choice perspectives. The standard methodology is a version of the action research paradigm in which researchers work with practitioners to analyze and define the problem, to identify and try out possible solutions, and to evaluate and disseminate the results. The opportunity-reducing techniques range from simple target hardening to more sophisticated methods of deflecting offenders and reducing inducements. Displacement of crime has not proved to be the serious problem once thought, and there is now increasing recognition that situational measu...
934 citations
Book•
01 Dec 1971
TL;DR: 'The book is of value to those involved in the teaching and practive of criminology and to those in the fields of genetics, psychology, learning theory, environmental psychology, and urban design.
Abstract: 'The book is of value to those involved in the teaching and practive of criminology and to those in the fields of genetics, psychology, learning theory, environmental psychology, and urban design. It should be considered a must for any criminal justice library.' -- Choice, May 1978
726 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the available evidence on the contribution of crime prevention through environmental design as a crime prevention strategy and conclude that although empirical proof has not been definitively demonstrated, there is a large and growing body of research, which supports the assertion that crime prevention-through-environmental design is a pragmatic and effective crime prevention tool.
Abstract: Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to critically review the core findings from recently published place‐based crime prevention research. The paper aims to critically evaluate the available evidence on the contribution of crime prevention through environmental design as a crime prevention strategy.
Design/methodology/approach
– Large‐scale evaluations of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) are reviewed with a view to clarifying current knowledge on the evidence of crime prevention through environmental design.
Findings
– The review concludes that there is a growing body of research that supports the assertion that crime prevention through environmental design is effective in reducing both crime and fear of crime in the community.
Research limitations/implications
– Although the paper may not review all the evaluations of CPTED, it nonetheless provides a detailed compilation and overview of the most significant research in the area, including an extensive and modern bibliography on the subject. Research implications will be the subject of a forthcoming paper.
Practical implications
– CPTED is an increasingly fashionable approach and is being implemented on a global scale. Additionally, individual components such as territoriality, surveillance, maintenance, access control, activity support and target‐hardening are being widely deployed. However, the evidence currently available is inconclusive and much criticised, which effectively prevents widespread intervention and investment by central government. The paper details the difficulties associated with demonstrating the effectiveness of CPTED.
Originality/value
– The paper concludes that although empirical proof has not been definitively demonstrated, there is a large and growing body of research, which supports the assertion that crime prevention through environmental design is a pragmatic and effective crime prevention tool. This review provides an extensive bibliography of contemporary crime prevention through environmental design and a follow‐up paper will discuss the future research priorities for it.
525 citations
TL;DR: Situational crime prevention can be characterized as comprising measures (1) directed at highly specific forms of crime (2) that involve the management, design, or manipulation of the immediate environment in as systematic and permanent a way as possible (3) so as to reduce the opportunities for crime and increase its risks as perceived by a wide range of offenders as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Situational crime prevention can be characterized as comprising measures (1) directed at highly specific forms of crime (2) that involve the management, design, or manipulation of the immediate environment in as systematic and permanent a way as possible (3) so as to reduce the opportunities for crime and increase its risks as perceived by a wide range of offenders. These measures include various forms of target hardening (making the objects of crime less vulnerable), defensible space architecture (which encourages residents in housing projects to exercise territorial surveillance of the public spaces outside their dwellings), community crime prevention initatives (e. g., neighborhood watch and citizen patrol schemes), and a number of less-easily categorized measures such as improved coordination of public transport with pub closing times, or more sensitive public housing allocation policies that avoid the concentration of children in particular housing developments. Traditional criminological theories ha...
470 citations