Topic
TEC
About: TEC is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5119 publications have been published within this topic receiving 84696 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the mean diurnal, seasonal and annual variations in TEC during the lowest solar activity phase from low latitude Indian zone recorded at Udaipur (Geog. Lat. 15.7°E, Geomag. Long.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a modified version of the International Reference Ionosphere 1995 (IRI-95) model and augmented with a plasmaspheric electron content model to produce hourly global total electron content (TEC) maps from Global Positioning System (GPS) data.
66 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that Tec and Btk regulate M-CSF signaling-induced macrophage survival and provides a novel link between Tec family kinases and the regulation of caspase-11 and GM-CSFRα expression.
Abstract: Tec family kinases have important roles in lymphocytes; however, little is known about their function in monocytes/macrophages. In this study we report that Tec family kinases are essential for M-CSF (M-CSF)-induced signaling pathways that regulate macrophage survival. Compared with wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) cultures, Tec(-/-)Btk(-/-) BMM cultures displayed increased cell death that correlated with a severe drop in macrophage numbers. In addition, macrophages deficient in either Tec or Btk showed expression and activation of caspase-11. Elucidation of M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR) signaling pathways revealed that the total tyrosine phosphorylation pattern upon M-CSF stimulation was altered in Tec(-/-)Btk(-/-) macrophages despite normal expression and phosphorylation of the M-CSFR. Further, Tec and Btk are required for proper expression of the GM-CSF receptor alpha (GM-CSFRalpha) chain in macrophages but not dendritic cells, implicating Tec family kinases in the lineage-specific regulation of GM-CSFRalpha expression. Taken together, our study shows that Tec and Btk regulate M-CSFR signaling-induced macrophage survival and provides a novel link between Tec family kinases and the regulation of caspase-11 and GM-CSFRalpha expression.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present multi-instrument observations of a strong positive phase of ionospheric storm, which occurred on September 10, 2005 during a moderate geomagnetic storm with minimum D st =−60 nT and maximum K p =6 −.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the mean drift time interval from subsequent single ionization clusters of a relativistic particle in the TEC can be made large enough compared to the width of the anode signal to allow the recording of the clusters separately.
Abstract: The time expansion chamber (TEC), a new type of drift chamber, allows the measurement of microscopic details of ionization. The mean drift time interval from subsequent single ionization clusters of a relativistic particle in the TEC can be made large enough compared to the width of the anode signal to allow the recording of the clusters separately. Since single primary electrons can be detected, the cluster counting would allow an improved particle separation using the relativistic rise of primary ionization. In another application, very high position accuracy for track detectors or improved energy resolution may be obtained. Basic ionization phenomena and drift properties can be measured at the single electron level.
66 citations