Showing papers on "Telecommunications link published in 1981"

Data communications

Abstract: T WO common carriers are operated under the administration of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in Japan. One is NTT (Ni'ppon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corporation) for domestic services. The other is KDD (Kokusai Denshin Denwa Company, Ltd.) for overseas services. For the past year, NTT has had DDX (digital data exchange) circuitswitched data network and DDX packet-switched data network services, and KDD has commenced ICAS (international computer access service). Data communications in Japan have begun a new era of rapid progress. Their features are summarized as follows. 0 Both domestic and overseas telephone networks allow nonvoice communications as well as voice. Customers can connect their own terminals to the networks via Modems and NCU's. Public-switched telephone and telex networks are available for data communications. 0 Various speed class leased circuit service is provided.

Satellite communications system with frequency channelized beams

Abstract: A digital communications satellite (12,44) receives signals from a plurality of narrow input spot-beams (14) of an uplink. It regenerates, multiplexes and routes the signals for transmission in a plurality of narrow output spot-beams (42) of a downlink. The uplink beams (14) each include a plurality of frequency re-use channels (18), while the downlink beams (42) each have only a single wide-band channel. The satellite (12,44) may multiplex the signals either before or after routing them. The spot-beams (14,42) may be fixed or scanning.

A General Multibeam Satellite Switching Algorithm

Abstract: In this paper we consider an SS/TDMA system with M uplink beams, N downlink beams, and K connection points. We first assume that the downlink is α times faster than the uplink, and a simple time multiplexing scheme is employed. An optimal time slot assignment algorithm for any M, N,\alpha , and K , 1 \leq K \leq \min (M, \alphaN) , and for any traffic matrix is presented, where optimality means achieving the minimal possible total transmission time for the given traffic matrix. The number of switching matrices generated by the algorithm never exceeds MN + K\alpha + 1 . Extensive simulation results on randomly generated matrices are carried out, showing that the average number of switching matrices generated is substantially lower than the upper bound. The case when the uplink is faster than the downlink is also considered.

A Broadcast Protocol for File Transfers to Multiple Sites

Abstract: A retransmission Protocol for a broadcast connection (point-to-multipoint) is proposed and its performance characteristics are considered. The protocol is designed for transfers of large files Over a satellite channel that is time-shared to carry both the data from the broadcasting transmitter and the set of acknowledgments from the multiple receiver sites. A mathematical model of the transmission system that includes separate error processes for uplink and downlink errors on data transmissions, and similar processes for errors on the acknowledgment frames as well, is used to analyze the performance of the scheme. Exact analytical expressions for the relative throughput of the channel are obtained for two special cases: 1) the uplink is error-free; and 2) the acknowledgments are error-free. For the general case, upper and lower bounds are derived and are shown to be virtually indistinguishable for many practical sets of system parameters. The results demonstrate that the broadcasting of large files to multiple receivers can be done both efficiently and reliably.

Analysis of Coherent Satellite Communication Systems in the Presence of Interference and Noise

Abstract: This paper presents the analysis and evaluation of bit error probabilities of coherent MPSK nonlinear satellite communication systems, in which there is uplink noise, downlink noise, and CW tone interference with random phase uniformly distributed over the interval [0, 2π]. The evaluation of bit probabilities also includes intersymbol interference whose statistical distribution is constructed through a two-dimensional moment technique. This moment technique is as effective and accurate as the standard Gauss quadrature formulas (GQF), yet more versatile than GQF for evaluating an expectation over random variables. Some numerical examples for the performance of satellite channels are illustrated.

Quaternary Transmission Over Satellite Channels with Cascaded Nonlinear Elements and Adjacent Channel Interference

Abstract: The performance of coherent QPSK, offset QPSK, and MSK modulation systems is investigated via computer simulation for TDMA transmission over satellite channels with cascaded nonlinear elements, up- and downlink fades, intersymbol interference, adjacent channel interference, and thermal noise. Three satellite transponder concepts are considered: TWTA transponders nominally operated at their saturation power under clear sky conditions, TWTA transponders nominally operated at input overdrive, and hard-limiting transponders. The performance of these modulation techniques in terms of bit error rate versus energy per information bit over thermal noise power density E_{b}/N_{0} has been evaluated for the three system concepts as a function of various system parameters. For transponder BT products in the range of 1.5-2.0, modem filter characteristics and waveform shaping have been carefully and nearly "optimally" selected to combat adjacent channel interference, which is the major source of impairments, especially under uplink fades. It has been found that, for certain system environments, MSK and OQPSK outperform QPSK. As a byproduct of this investigation, various means to minimize the effects of adjacent channel are proposed.

Correction to 'Error Performance of Differentially Coherent Detection of Binary DPSK Data Transmission on the Hard-Limiting satellite Channel'

Abstract: The error performance of differentially coherent detection of a binary differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) system operating over a hard-limiting satellite channel is derived. The main objective is to show the extent of error rate degradation of a DPSK system when a power imbalance exists between the two symbol pulses that are used in a bit decision interval. Consideration is also given to the DPSK error rate performance for the special case of {\em uncorrelated} uplink and {\em correlated} downlink noises at the sampling instants in adjacent time slots. Error probabilities are given as functions of uplink signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and downlink SNR with different levels of SNR imbalance and different downlink SNR and uplink SNR as parameters, respectively. Our numerical results show that 1) as long as the symbols are equiprobable, the error probability is not dependent upon the downlink noise correlation, regardless of whether there is a power imbalance; 2) error performance is definitely affected by the power imbalance for all cases of symbol distributions; and 3) the error probability does depend upon downlink noise correlation for all levels of power imbalance if the symbol probabilities are not equal.

Cochannel Interference in Nonlinear QPSK Satellite Systems

Abstract: Increased frequency reuse in satellite systems will result in increased levels of cochannel interference. Such interference can in fact become the limiting factor affecting system performance. In this paper, the effects of cochannel interference on the bit error rate (BER) of a QPSK satellite system are analyzed. A nonlinear satellite transponder having a specified AM-AM and AM-PM transfer characteristic is assumed. An arbitrary number of up- and downlink interferers is considered. The theoretical results are compared with results obtained from time-domain computer simulations. Two facets of the cochannel interference problem which are of particular interest are investigated: the non-Gaussian nature of the interference and the small-signal suppression which may occur for uplink interferers.

The effects of receiver tracking phase error on the performance of the concatenated Reed-Solomon Viterbi channel coding system

Abstract: Analytical and experimental results are presented of the effects of receiver tracking phase error, caused by weak signal conditions on either the uplink or the downlink or both, on the performance of the concatenated Reed-Solomon (RS) Viterbi channel coding system. The test results were obtained under an emulated S band uplink and X band downlink, two way space communication channel in the telecommunication development laboratory of JPL with data rates ranging from 4 kHz to 20 kHz. It is shown that, with ideal interleaving, the concatenated RS/Viterbi coding system is capable of yielding large coding gains at very low bit error probabilities over the Viterbi decoded convolutional only coding system. Results on the effects of receiver tracking phase errors on the performance of the concatenated coding system with antenna array combining are included.

Performance of quadrature overlapped raised-cosine modulation over nonlinear satellite channels

Abstract: This paper considers the performance evaluation of Staggered Quadrature Overlapped Raised Cosine (SQORC) signal transmission through wideband nonlinear satellite channels in the presence of uplink and downlink additive Gaussian noise. Expressions for the bit error rate are derived for a general transponder model with AM-AM and AM-PM conversion. It is shown that the bit error rate of SQORC is one-half of the sum of the bit error rate of MSK at 2/3 of the uplink signal-to-noise ratio and the bit error rate of Quadriphase Phase-Shift Keying QPSK at 4/3 of the uplink signal-to-noise ratio, whereas the spectrum of SQROC is the product of MSK and QPSK spectra. Numerical results are presented for a transponder which is modelled as a hard limiter.

An experimental study of the concatenated Reed-Solomon/Viterbi channel coding system performance and its impact on space communications

Abstract: The need for efficient space communication at very low bit error probabilities to the specification and implementation of a concatenated coding system using an interleaved Reed-Solomon code as the outer code and a Viterbi-decoded convolutional code as the inner code. Experimental results of this channel coding system are presented under an emulated S-band uplink and X-band downlink two-way space communication channel, where both uplink and downlink have strong carrier power. This work was performed under the NASA End-to-End Data Systems program at JPL. Test results verify that at a bit error probability of 10 to the -6 power or less, this concatenated coding system does provide a coding gain of 2.5 dB or more over the Viterbi-decoded convolutional-only coding system. These tests also show that a desirable interleaving depth for the Reed-Solomon outer code is 8 or more. The impact of this "virtually" error-free space communication link on the transmission of images is discussed and examples of simulation results are given.

Deep space optical communication via relay satellite

Abstract: The application of optical communications for a deep space link via an earth-orbiting relay satellite is discussed. The system uses optical frequencies for the free-space channel and RF links for atmospheric transmission. The relay satellite is in geostationary orbit and contains the optics necessary for data processing and formatting. It returns the data to earth through the RF terrestrial link and also transmits an optical beacon to the satellite for spacecraft return pointing and for the alignment of the transmitting optics. Future work will turn to modulation and coding, pointing and tracking, and optical-RF interfacing.

A Method for Transponder Capacity and Link Performance Optimization in Preassigned Multilevel SCPC Systems

Abstract: An investigation of ways to improve the capacity in a dedicated SCPC transponder has resulted in the development of a method for optimizing the transponder capacity and link performance in preassigned multilevel SCPC systems. The main approach is to form different groups of carriers based on the traffic requirement, and on typical characteristics of the link destinations such as variations in the satellite e.i.r.p. and downlink path loss, and differences in the receive earth station antenna size. The Fletcher-Powell optimization technique is used to determine the set of optimum carrier levels at the transponder TWTA input. Application of the method to a number of preassigned multilevel frequency plans in a global transponder environment clearly indicates that the total carrier-to-noise ratios for all the links can be optimized at any specified CNR value, and that the optimized capacities are substantially higher than that of the basic two-level system. The implementation of multilevel plans is fairly simple if all downlink carrier levels can be monitored at some reference station in the SCPC network to reasonably control the uplink e.i.r.p. levels.

The Virtual Subchannel Protocol for Satellite Link Communications

Abstract: HDLC is an internationally accepted link control protocol which has been accepted for terrestrial links. When applied to satellite links, however, HDLC has two major deficiencies: 1. Blocking due to window size limitations. 2. Throughput degradation due to the fact that at most one reject may be outstanding at a given time. Both problems arise as a consequence of the very long signal propagation delay of satellite links.

Radio System Interference from Geostationary Satellites

Abstract: Geostationary communications satellites have a potential for causing interference into terrestrial radio relay systems since present INTELSAT satellites as well as a number of U.S. domestic satellites transmit a downlink frequency in the 4 GHz common carrier band. Use has been made of recently measured spatial antenna radiation patterns of the AT&T KS15676 pyramidal horn-reflector antenna to calculate the interference noise into typical U.S. high density 4 GHz radio relay systems. The model employed uses the maximum allowed CCIR flux from the satellites so that the results are conservative since the flux from deployed satellite repeaters is normally below that level. Although certain cases such as east-west oriented existing systems with one or more direct exposures may experience noticeable interference, no significant noise problem is foreseen from this source even when the geostationary orbit is populated as heavily as one communications satellite every 3°.

A Decision Feedback Receiver Structure for Bandlimited Nonlinear Channels

Abstract: A decision feedback receiver structure for receiving binary phase-shift keyed signals over bandlimited, nonlinear satellite channels, in the presence of both uplink and downlink additive Gaussian noise, is derived. As an illustrative example of the receiver, a hard-limiting channel model is considered in detail, and two special cases are examined. Based on the analysis, an alternative receiver structure which is more suitable for implementation is derived. The performance of the receiver is evaluated by computer simulation techniques, and it is shown that significant performance improvement over the single sample sign detector can be obtained.

Cross-Correlation Interference Effects in Multiaccess Optical Communications

Abstract: The effects of the cross correlation between user codes in an opticalcode-division multiple-access communication system are investigated. The system model is a multiaccess satellite repeater in which the uplink and downlink channels are direct-detection, optical-polarization modulation links. The error probability is derived in terms of the cross correlation between the intended and interfering user codes. It is shown that the system error rate can be minimized by using code sequences in which the normalized second moment of the cross correlation between codes is small. The signalto- noise ratio (SNR) on the uplink is shown to be proportional to 1/K while the SNR on the downlink is proportional to 1/K1/2, where K is the number of users which are simultaneously accessing the system.