Topic
Tempering
About: Tempering is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 15598 publications have been published within this topic receiving 124468 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, three ferrite/martensite dual-phase steels varying in the ferrite grain size (12.4, 2.4 and 1.2μm) but with the same martensite content (∼30 vol%) were produced by large-strain warm deformation at different deformation temperatures, followed by intercritical annealing.
590 citations
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01 May 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an understanding of the processes involved in the tempering of iron-carbon martensites and how they are affected by alloying elements, and how these processes overlap and occur on such a fine scale.
Abstract: Tempering of martensitic steels involves the segregation of carbon, the precipitation of carbides, the decomposition of retained austenite, and the recovery and recrystallization of the martensitic structure Because these several reactions overlap and occur on such a fine scale, it is only recently that our knowledge of the resulting structures has become reasonably complete Our present understanding of the processes involved in the tempering of iron-carbon martensites and how they are affected by alloying elements is reviewed
554 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the evolution of dislocation density in two tempered martensite ferritic steels (a 12% and a 9% chromium steel, X20 and P91) during heat treatment and creep is analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD); both methods yield results which are in good agreement when rationalizing the XRD-data based on densities of free dislocations.
423 citations
TL;DR: The suppression of particle coarsening during creep and the maintenance of a homogeneous distribution of M23C6 carbides near prior austenite grain boundaries are effective for preventing the long-term degradation of creep strength and for improving long- term creep strength by the addition of boron.
420 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was pointed out that solution hardening is generally of two types, which are called gradual and rapid, and attributed to tetragonal distortions, and a general statement of a theory was made.
418 citations