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Showing papers on "Ternary operation published in 1997"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A number of new ternary magnesium based alloys, RMg2Ni9 (where R=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Gd), have been synthesized by reacting a mixture of MgNi2 with RNi5 intermetallic compounds or by direct combination of the elements in the atomic ratio R:Mg:Ni=1:2:9.

365 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of arc-melted Pt-Ru-Os alloys and fuel cell catalysts prepared by the NaBH{sub 4} reduction of metal chloride salts was studied.
Abstract: Methanol oxidation was studied on arc-melted Pt-Ru-Os alloys and on fuel cell catalysts prepared by the NaBH{sub 4} reduction of metal chloride salts. Both the arc-melted alloys and the high surface area catalysts have x-ray diffraction patterns indicative of single-phase face-centered cubic lattices. Hydrogen adsorption/desorption measurements on the polished alloy electrodes, in the presence of adsorbed CO (25 C), show that selected ternary alloys have significant hydrogen adsorption/desorption integrals at adsorption potentials where Pt:Ru (1:1) was fully blocked and higher integrals at all adsorption potentials studied up to 400 mV vs. the reference hydrogen electrode. In situ diffuse reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the fuel cell anodes showed that the alloy catalysts had reduced CO coverage relative to Pt, with the ternary catalyst showing the least coverage. Steady-state voltammetry of the arc-melted alloys at 25 C confirmed that Pt-Ru-Os (65:25:10) is more active than Pt-Ru (1:1), particularly above 0.6 V. Pt-Ru-Os (65:25:10) methanol fuel cell performance curves were consistently superior to those of Pt-Ru (1:1) (e.g., typically at 90 C, 0.4 V; 340 mA/cm{sup 2} with Pt-Ru-Os vs. 260 mA/cm{sup 2} with Pt-Ru).

213 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the transport properties (resistivity, Hall effect, thermopower, and thermal conductivity) of Bi2S3 and two ternary bismuth sulfides, KBi6.33S10 and K2Bi8S13, were studied for thermoelectric applications.
Abstract: We have studied transport properties (resistivity, Hall effect, thermopower, and thermal conductivity) of Bi2S3 and two new ternary bismuth sulfides, KBi6.33S10 and K2Bi8S13, to explore their potential for thermoelectric applications. While both Bi2S3 and K2Bi8S13 display an essentially metallic conduction, KBi6.33S10 has a distinctly semiconducting character. From the Hall measurements it follows that the dominant carriers in all three compounds are electrons and that the carrier density in K2Bi8S13 is almost 2 orders of magnitude larger than in Bi2S3 and KBi6.33S10 over the whole temperature range from 4 to 300 K. While the room temperature thermopowers of KBi6.33S10 and K2Bi8S13 are comparable (∼−100 μV/K), the thermopower of Bi2S3 is a factor of 3 larger. All three compounds are poor conductors of heat, in particular the thermal conductivity of KBi6.33S10 is some 25% lower than the thermal conductivity of Bi2Te3, the benchmark thermoelectric material. To make these materials useful thermoelectrics, wa...

190 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the presence of rare-earth oxides in a ternary magnesium alloys was investigated by transmission electron microscopy using ultramicrotomed film sections.
Abstract: Oxides on ternary magnesium alloys MgAlZn and MgAlRE were investigated by transmission electron microscopy using ultramicrotomed film sections. These films have a three-layered structure, similar to pure Mg and binary MgAl alloys, characterized by a hydrated inner layer, a thin and dense intermediate region, and a platelet-like outer layer. Zinc and rare-earth elements present in the two types of ternary alloys become incorporated in the oxide film so as to increase its stability in an aqueous environment, in particular by reducing hydration and increasing resistance to magnesium egress of the inner layer, which is responsible for the passivity of the surface. The apparent presence of trace amounts of rare-earth oxides in the film is particularly effective in improving passivity of the surface and, thereby, the corrosion resistance of MgAlRE alloys. The presence of aluminum together with rare-earth elements (RE) in the alloy is an essential factor in obtaining these results.

151 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The location of the oils in the different self-assembled microstructures has been deduced from the structural dimensions obtained from SAXS and the constraints imposed by the copolymer total volume fraction and interfacial area.
Abstract: Amphiphilic block copolymers can self-assemble in the presence of selective solvents (water and oil) into a variety of different microstructures. The role that oil plays in the phase behavior and structure of copolymer-oil-water systems is the focus of the present investigation. We examined a poloxamer-type poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (Pluronic F127: E 100 P 70 E 100 ) in ternary isothermal systems with water and each of three oils (of varying polarity), p-xylene, n-butyl acetate and butan-1-ol. A total of six phases with different microstructures have been identified in the ternary systems studied here: normal (oil-in-water) micellar cubic (I 1 ), normal hexagonal (H 1 ), lamellar (L α ), and reverse (water-in-oil) hexagonal (H 2 ) lyotropic liquid crystals, and normal micellar (L 1 ) and reverse micellar (L 2 ) solutions. The number and types of phases, as well as the composition range of their stability, are different for each ternary system, reflecting the effects of oil. Systematic small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements have been performed in order to establish the structure of the phases and determine their characteristic length-scales. The location of the oils in the different self-assembled microstructures has been deduced from the structural dimensions obtained from SAXS and the constraints imposed by the copolymer total volume fraction and interfacial area: all xylene is present in the interior (apolar core) of the oil-in-water microdomains and butanol is located at the interfacial region between poly(propylene oxide) and poly(ethylene oxide), while butyl acetate contributes to both the core and the interfacial domains.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the temperature and composition dependence of the site substitution behavior of ternary additions to the Ni-Al alloys was examined on the basis of first-principles calculations of the total energies.
Abstract: The temperature and composition dependence of the site substitution behavior of ternary additions to ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$Al is examined on the basis of first-principles calculations of the total energies of ternary, partially ordered (${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{|\mathrm{I}\mathrm{H}}$) alloys. The calculations are performed by means of the linear muffin-tin orbitals method in conjunction with the local-density and multisublattice coherent-potential approximations and include all 3d, 4d, 5d, and noble metals. The calculations show the existence of simple trends in the alloying behavior of the ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{|\mathrm{I}\mathrm{H}}$ phase which may be explained in a Friedel-like model based on the interaction between Ni and the added species. It is shown that the commonly accepted interpretation of the site substitution behavior of Cu and Pd may be incorrect because of site substitution reversal at high temperatures. It is further shown that the direction of the solubility lobe in the ternary phase diagram for the elements Co, Pd, Cu, and Ag incorrectly has been interpreted as evidence for strong Ni site preference and that, in fact, these elements are expected to exhibit only weak Ni site preference.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ternary AlInN was grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition in the high Al composition regime as mentioned in this paper, and the band-gap energy was measured by optical absorption spectroscopy at room temperature.
Abstract: Ternary AlInN was grown by metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition in the high Al composition regime. The band-gap energy of AlInN ternary was measured by optical absorption spectroscopy at room temperature. The band-gap energy of Al0.92In0.08N is 5.26 eV. The potential application of AlInN as a barrier material for GaN is also discussed.

113 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize 3D films of Ti-Si-N by reactively sputtering TiSi2, Ti5Si3, or Ti3Si targets in an Ar/N2 gas mixture.
Abstract: Films of Ti-Si-N were synthesized by reactively sputtering TiSi2, Ti5Si3, or Ti3Si targets in an Ar/N2 gas mixture. They were characterized in terms of their composition by MeV 4He backscattering spectrometry, their atomic density by thickness measurements combined with backscattering data, their microstructure by x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and their electrical resistivity by four-point-probe measurements. All films have a metal–to–silicon ratio close to that of their respective targets. The as-deposited films are either entirely amorphous or contain inclusions of TiN-like nanometer-sized grains when the overall atomic composition of the films approaches the TiN phase in the ternary Ti-Si-N diagram. A correlation between the resistivity of the as-deposited films and their position in the ternary phase diagram is evident, indicating that at the atomic scale, the spatial arrangement of atoms in the amorphous phase and their bonding character can approximate those...

111 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, three-phase equilibrium conditions (aqueous liquid-vapor-hydrate) of four pure gases, five binary, five ternary mixtures and five natural gases were measured in a high-pressure cell applying the isochoric method.

110 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface molecular motions of polystyrene (PS) films, their binary and ternary blend films, and commercially available polydisperse PS films were investigated on the basis of scanning force microscopic (SFM) measurements at 293 K.
Abstract: Surface molecular motions of monodisperse polystyrene (PS) films, their binary and ternary blend films, and commercially available polydisperse PS films were investigated on the basis of scanning force microscopic (SFM) measurements at 293 K The monodisperse PSs were synthesized by a living anionic polymerization The binary and the ternary PS blends were prepared by mixing monodisperse PSs with different molecular weights The commercially available PSs were used as the polydisperse PS sample In the case of the monodisperse PS film with number-average molecular weight, Mn, lower than ca 30k, it was revealed that the surface was in a glass−rubber transition state even at room temperature due to excess free volume induced by the surface localization of chain end groups SFM measurements revealed that the surfaces of the binary and the ternary PS blend films were in a glass−rubber transition state even at room temperature, when a component with Mn lower than ca 30k existed A more vigorous surface molec

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a series of catalysts built up by V2O5and WO3overlayers on TiO2anatase which have shown remarkable activity and selectivity in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide have been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the morphology development of ternary immiscible blends through an interfacial reaction between components was studied, where polyamide(6) (PA6), polycarbonate (PC), and poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] (SEBS) was incorporated with its unmodified polymer (un-SEBS and un-PS, respectively) at various ratios into the blends of PA6/PC.
Abstract: We studied the morphology development of ternary immiscible blends through an interfacial reaction between components. This phenomenon was observed in two ternary blend systems; one is composed of polyamide(6) (PA6), polycarbonate (PC), and poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] (SEBS), and the other is composed of PA6, PC, and polystyrene (PS), where PA6 forms the continuous matrix in both blend systems. Maleinated SEBS (SEBS-gMA) or maleinated PS (PS-gMA) is incorporated with its unmodified polymer (un-SEBS and un-PS, respectively) at various ratios into the blends of PA6/PC. The blends of PA6/PC/un-SEBS and PA6/PC/un-PS show a similar phase formation in which the two dispersed polymers are stuck together in a PA6 matrix. The use of the maleinated polymers instead of their unmodified polymers in the blends of PA6/PC changes the phase formation drastically. The maleinated polymers react with amine end groups of PA6 at the interface during the melt mixing. Through this interfacial reaction, the ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A suitable classification of the nitrido-compound s is based on the correlation between coordination-num bers (TE), oxidation s tates (TE) and specific structural characteristics of the a nionic partial structures as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The crystal chemistry of ternary and quaternary phases of the systems A/AE - TE - N (A = alkali metal; AE = alkaline earth metal; TE = transition element) is pre- dominantly characterized by the presence and formation of complex nitridometalate anions. A suitable classification of the nitrido-compound s is based on the correlation between coordination-num bers (TE), oxidation s tates (TE) and the specific structural c haracteristics of the a nionic partial structures. Introduction and preparative aspects Compared with the l arge number of well-known and well- investigated oxometalates the crystal chemistry and physics of nitridometalates is rather young and just at the beginning. The particular i nterest in nitridometalate compounds is mainly raised by the h igh polarizability o f the nitride ion which is expected to cause specific properties in structure and bonding relations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the high temperature oxidation behavior of binary and ternary alloys of the Ti-48Al system at different temperatures and found that the addition of trivalent atoms like Cr in small amounts appeared to be detrimental to the oxidation process as they can generate additional oxygen vacancies.
Abstract: The high temperature oxidation behaviour of the binary and ternary alloys of the Ti–48Al system was studied at different temperatures. The primary objectives of this work were the establishment of the activation energies, the migration tendencies of the alloy species, mechanism of oxidation and chemistry of the oxide scales. The ternary additions were Cr (1.5 at 19%), V (2.2 at%), W (0.2 at%) and Mn (1.4 at%). The addition of ternary additions did not play a significant role in the oxidation behaviour at 704°C. At 815°C the alloys with Cr and V exhibited linear oxidation behaviour with large weight gains while the base Ti–48Al alloys exhibited the best behaviour. At 982°C the Mn-containing alloy was the worst, exhibiting a linear oxidation behaviour while the alloy with V and W and the base alloy with 400 p.p.m. oxygen exhibited the best oxidation behaviour. At 982°C the outermost oxide layer in contact with air is always near stoichiometric TiO2. In all the alloys a layer of porosity is created just below the outer TiO2 layer by the Kirkendall mechanism due to the rapid outward diffusion of Ti atoms. The addition of trivalent atoms like Cr in small amounts appear to be detrimental to the oxidation process as they can generate additional oxygen vacancies while the addition of atoms with valence of 5, such as V, and 6, such as W, appear to have beneficial effect on the oxidation behaviour at 982°C by tying up oxygen vacancies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the atom distribution on the three sites of this structure was established through Rietveld refinements of X-ray data for VCoSb, NbFeSb and NbRuSb.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the crystal structures of the ternary rare-earth antimonides La36ZrSb5, La3HfSb6, and LaCrSb3 have been determined from single-crystal X-ray data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the solution and interfacial behaviours of binary mixtures of tert-octylphenylpolyoxyethyleneether (Triton X-100 or TX-100) and polyoxyethylenesorbitanmonooleate (Tween-80 or TW-80) and ternary mixtures were studied in details using conductometric, spectrophotometric, fluorimetric and tensiometric techniques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, phase equilibria in ternary Nb-Ti-Si alloys have been investigated using scanning electron micros-copy, XRD, and electron beam microprobe analysis.
Abstract: Phase equilibria in ternary Nb-Ti-Si alloys have been investigated using scanning electron micros-copy, XRD, and electron beam microprobe analysis. Alloys containing up to four phases, Nb(Ti) 5 Si 3 , Ti(Nb) 5 Si 3 , (Nb,Ti) 3 Si, and (Nb,Ti,Si) were directionally solidified using cold crucible Czochralski crystal growth. A broad range of Nb and Ti compositions were investigated for Si concentrations up to 35.0%. Microstructural and microchemical evidence provided a clear definition of the Nb-Ti-Si liquidus surface and indicate that the metal-rich end of the ternary phase diagram possesses two transition reactions: L + Nb(Ti) 5 Si 3 → (Nb,Ti) 3 Si + Ti(Nb) 5 Si 3 L + (Nb,Ti) 3 Si → (Nb,Ti,Si) + Ti(Nb) 5 Si 3 The first of these transition reactions occurs at a composition of approximately Nb-66Ti-19Si, and probably at a temperature between 1600 and 1650 ‡C. The second of these transition reactions oc-curs at a composition of approximately Nb-76Ti-13.5Si and a temperature of approximately 1350 ‡C. No ternary eutectic was observed in the compositions that were investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Gibbs free energy as a function of temperature of the fcc(γ) and hcp(e) phases in the Fe-Mn-Si system is evaluated by the application of the general model for predicting thermodynamic properties for ternary systems from binary ones.
Abstract: The Gibbs free energy as a function of temperature of the fcc(γ) and hcp(e) phases in the Fe-Mn-Si system is evaluated by the application of the general model for predicting thermodynamic properties for ternary systems from binary ones, suggested by Chou and by the utilization of the available data from binary Fe-Mn, Fe-Si and Mn-Si systems and the SGTE DATA given by Dinsdale. The calculated result seems reasonable as compared with the experimental data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of alloying elements on the solubility of Cu in solid Fe has been investigated by using solid-liquid diffusion couples, where an addition of Co, Ni, and Al results in an increase of the solusability of Cu, while that of V, Cr, Mn, Si, and Sn decreases the solussability.
Abstract: The effect of alloying elements on the solubility of Cu in solid Fe has been investigated by using solid-liquid diffusion couples. An addition of Co, Ni, and Al results in an increase of the solubility of Cu, while that of V, Cr, Mn, Si, and Sn decreases the solubility. Thermodynamic calculation of the solid/liquid phase equilibria in the Fe-Cu-X ternary system has been also performed, where a set of thermodynamic parameters of solid and liquid phases has been evaluated. Furthermore, the equation that describes the change of the solubility of Cu in solid Fe with an addition of alloying elements has been derived by thermodynamic analysis of these experimental values.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, various solution-phase methodologies and specific chemical reactions involving molecular precursors and/or species derived there were discussed, from which they have been utilized to synthesize various binary and ternary nanocrystalline III-V (13-15) compound semiconductors.
Abstract: Discussed in this review are various solution-phase methodologies and specific chemical reactions involving molecular precursors and/or species derived there-from which have been utilized to synthesize various binary and ternary nanocrystalline III-V (13–15) compound semiconductors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the utility of microwave heating and microwave generated nitrogen plasmas as a synthetic technique for the synthesis of nitrides is demonstrated, including binary and ternary Nitrides including TiN, AlN, VN, Li 3 FeN 2, Li 5 TiN 3, and Li 3 AlN 2.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Krane and Incropera as discussed by the authors constructed a model to simulate the casting of ternary alloys, where the continuum mixture equations for the transport of mass, momentum, energy and species are modified to account for a third component.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase equilibria in the system Gd2O3-Al2O-3-SiO2 at 1400 and 1300 °C were determined using X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDX and EPMA.

BookDOI
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this article, the formation data of 1532 ternary amorphous alloys consisting of 351 ternaries systems have been extracted, classified and evaluated, and the composition data are given in phase diagrams and tables.
Abstract: Metallic amorphous materials are of high strength, high corrosion resistance, high permeability and other industrially important and useful properties. Furthermore, new metallic materials can be produced from metallic amorphous materials by proper crystallization processes, usually heat treatment, to meet the various industrial demands. In subvolume A, 8327 points of formation data of 1532 ternary amorphous alloys consisting of 351 ternary systems have been extracted, classified and evaluated. Preparation methods, atmosphere for preparation of amorphous alloys, sample form and size and phase identification methods are provided. Composition data are given in phase diagrams and tables. Subvolume B is in preparation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the stability of an horizontal liquid layer heated from below, in the Rayleigh-Benard configuration, on a water-isopropanol-ethanol mixture was investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the formation and biodegradation of the ternary mixed metal Fe−U−citric acid complex was investigated, and the presence of 1:1:2 Fe −U−CITRIC acid in solution was confirmed by potentiometric titration, UV−vis spectrophotometry, gel-filtration chromatography, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis.
Abstract: Citric acid forms ternary mixed-metal complexes with various metal ions involving the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of citric acid. The coordination of the metal to citric acid has been shown to affect the biodegradation of the metal−citrate complexes and metal mobility in the environ ment. We investigated the formation and biodegradation of the ternary mixed metal Fe−U−citric acid complex. The presence of 1:1:2 Fe−U−citric acid in solution was confirmed by potentiometric titration, UV−vis spectrophotometry, gel-filtration chromatography, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis. Comparison of the EXAFS spectra shows that the 1:1:2 Fe−U−citric acid complex has structural characteristics similar to the 1:1 U−citric acid complex. Biotransformation studies of Fe(III)−citrate, U(VI)−citrate, and Fe−U−citrate complexes by Pseudomonas fluorescens showed that the binary 1:1 Fe−citric acid was readily biodegraded, whereas the 1:1 U−citric acid complex and the ternary 1:1:2 Fe−U−citric acid com...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The phase relation in the ternary CaO-CuO system under high pressure has been studied by means of powder X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy as discussed by the authors.