Showing papers on "Ternary operation published in 2003"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a more efficient algorithm to achieve the results that includes Gibbs minimization when we know the number of phases, using the orthogonal derivatives, the tangent plane equation and mass balances, which is easier and faster than finding tangents or areas and appears to converge as fast as the K-value method.
1,145 citations
TL;DR: The diagrams here described are used to rationalize literature results, some of them apparently discrepant, and to discuss lipid rafts within the framework of liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered phase coexistence.
857 citations
TL;DR: In ternary systems consisting of block copolymer and two different-sized nanocrystal species, the distinct morphological types are conserved, resulting in autonomous size-selective separation and organization of the respective nanocrystals within alternating arrays and sheets.
Abstract: Dependent on the relative particle core size, two distinct types of particle topologies in block copolymer/nanocrystal blends have been identified, that is, the localization of particles along the intermaterial dividing surface or at the center of the respective polymer domain. In ternary systems consisting of block copolymer and two different-sized nanocrystal species, the distinct morphological types are conserved, resulting in autonomous size-selective separation and organization of the respective nanocrystals within alternating arrays and sheets.
481 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative study of experimental and theoretical combinatorial and high-throughput screening methods for the development of novel materials is presented, which are applied to new anode fuel cell alloy catalysts with improved CO tolerance.
Abstract: A comparative study of experimental and theoretical combinatorial and high-throughput screening methods for the development of novel materials is presented. Both methods were applied to the development of new anode fuel cell alloy catalysts with improved CO tolerance. Combinatorial experimental electrocatalysis was performed on a 64-element electrode array. Sputter-deposited ternary thin-film electrocatalysts of composition PtRuM (M = Co,Ni,W) were screened in parallel for their methanol oxidation activity, and their individual geometric and specific chronoamperometric current density were monitored and evaluated against standard PtRu catalysts. Density functional theory calculations of a variety of model ternary PtRuM alloy catalysts yielded detailed adsorption energies and activation barriers. Feeding these thermodynamic and kinetic data into a simple micro kinetic model for the CO electro oxidation reaction, the relative activities of a number of PtRuM ternary alloys were calculated. The experimental a...
239 citations
TL;DR: In this article, phase transitions in ternary caesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) were studied by means of DSC, TMA and high temperature X-ray diffraction.
Abstract: Phase transitions in ternary caesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) were studied by means of DSC, TMA and high temperature X-ray diffraction. The samples were prepared from the solution by water evaporation and from the melt. on the DSC curves as well as on the temperature dependence of the lattice constants of CsPbBr3 only two effects were found belonging to the earlier published phase transitions at 88 and 130°C and no further effects. Linear thermal expansion coefficient α of individual CsPbBr3 modifications were calculated from both TMA and high temperature X-ray diffraction. The structural parameters of the room temperature orthorhombic phase were refined and the results are presented. CsPbBr3 prepared from the solution contained about 10% of CsPb2Br5 and so the DSC curve of pure CsPb2Br5 was also measured and an effect at a temperature of 68.5°C was found.
223 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a three-component Ni-Nb-Sn system near a ternary eutectic composition is formed in the three-phase field bounded by the three intermetallics Ni3Nb, Ni6Nb7 (μ-phase), and Ni2NbSn (BiF3-type).
Abstract: Refractory Ni-based bulk metallic glasses are formed in the three-component Ni–Nb–Sn system near a ternary eutectic composition located within the three-phase field bounded by the three intermetallics Ni3Nb, Ni6Nb7 (μ-phase), and Ni2NbSn (BiF3-type). Bulk amorphous alloys of composition Ni60Nb40−xSnx with 3
203 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the liquid-liquid equilibrium data are presented for ternary mixtures {1-methyl-3-octyl-imidazoliumchloride (MeOctImCl) + benzene+an alkane} at T =298.2
203 citations
TL;DR: Li4Ti5O12 was obtained by solid-state reaction of a ternary precursor mixture, TiO2, Li2CO3 and carbon as mentioned in this paper, and the influences of the reaction time, temperature and mixing method on the electrochemical performance of Li4Ti 5O12 were investigated.
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental study on supercritical antisolvent precipitation has been performed to gain insight into the role of phase behavior and atomization in controlling morphology and dimension of precipitates.
Abstract: An experimental study on supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation has been performed to gain insight into the role of phase behavior and atomization in controlling morphology and dimension of precipitates. The mixture yttrium acetate/dimethyl sulfoxide has been used as the main model system and supercritical CO 2 has been used as the antisolvent. Two SAS apparatuses (laboratory and pilot scale) with two injector arrangements and operating with various injector diameters in the range 60-500 μm have been used. The results showed that operating above the mixture critical point (MCP) of the ternary mixture yttrium acetate/dimethyl sulfoxide/ carbon dioxide, sub-micrometric particles are generated nearly independently from the size of the injector and of the apparatus. We also demonstrated that it is possible to modify the particle dimension by simply changing the operating pressure and/or temperature in the vicinity of the MCP. The use of a pseudo-binary diagram pressure-molar fraction has been proposed as a base framework to explain the relationship between the particle morphology and the phase behavior of processed mixtures. Particularly, we have shown that the single-phase region in the gas-rich side of the pressure-composition diagram and below the MCP can be usefully explored to modify the particle dimensions of the precipitate.
160 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a phenomenological approach based on a "polymer-like" G(E) model coupled with the statistical-mechanical theory of isotope effects.
Abstract: Liquid-liquid phase splitting in ternary mixtures that contain a room-temperature ionic liquid and an alcohol aqueous solution-namely, [bmim] [PF6] + ethanol + water and [bmim] [NTf2] + 2-methylpropanol + water-is studied. Experimental cloud-point temperatures were obtained up to pressures of 400 bar, using a He-Ne laser light-scattering technique. Although pressurization favors mutual miscibility in the presence of high concentrations of alcohols, the contrary occurs in water-rich solutions. Both ternary mixtures exhibit a very pronounced water-alcohol co-solvent effect. Solvent isotope effects are also investigated. Phase diagrams are discussed using a phenomenological approach based on a "polymer-like" G(E) model coupled with the statistical-mechanical theory of isotope effects. The combined effect of a red shift of -15 cm(-1) for the O-H deformation mode of ethanol with a blue shift of +35 cm(-1) for the O-H stretching mode, both of which occurring after liquid infinite dilution in the ionic liquid, rationalizes the observed isotope effect in the phase diagram. Predicted excess enthalpy (H-E) values are inferred from the model parameters. Furthermore, using the Prigogine-Defay equation, an estimation of the excess volumes (V-E) is obtained.
155 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for fabrication of Ti 3 AlC 2 by combustion synthesis was developed, and the effects of the initial ratio among the above-mentioned materials on the combustion behavior and phase formations in the final products were investigated.
Abstract: In the present work, a method for fabrication of Ti 3 AlC 2 by combustion synthesis was developed. Low cost titanium, aluminum and carbon powders were used as raw materials. The effects of the initial ratio among the above-mentioned materials on the combustion behavior and phase formations in the final products were investigated. The experimental results showed that the combustion reaction usually preferred to form a mixture of titanium carbide and aluminum. However, the desired product of Ti 3 AlC 2 can be obtained through adjusting the initial ratio of the elemental powders or adding TiC as additives. The formation mechanism of ternary phases, Ti 3 AlC 2 and Ti 2 AlC, is that the previously formed crystallites of TiC dissolve into the melting Ti–Al composition, and then, ternary phases precipitate from liquid phase and grow into layered morphology.
TL;DR: In this article, a new Mg65Cu25Gd10 alloy having significantly improved glass-forming ability (GFA) has been developed, and the critical cooling rate for glass formation was estimated on the order of magnitude of approximately 1 K/s.
Abstract: A new Mg65Cu25Gd10 alloy having significantly improved glass-forming ability (GFA) has been developed. In this article, we show that the ternary Mg65Cu25Gd10 bulk metallic glass with diameter of at least 8 mm can successfully be fabricated by a conventional Cu-mold casting method in air atmosphere. The critical cooling rate for glass formation was estimated on the order of magnitude of approximately 1 K/s. When compared with the GFA of Mg65Cu25Y10 alloy, the significantly improved GFA of Mg65Cu25Gd10 alloy cannot be explained by ΔT
x and T
rg values.
TL;DR: In this paper, a Monte Carlo approach is used to incorporate the effect of thermal fluctuations in field theories of polymeric fluids. But this method is applied to a field-theoretic model of a ternary blend of AB diblock copolymers with A and B homopolymers.
Abstract: We present a Monte Carlo approach to incorporating the effect of thermal fluctuations in field theories of polymeric fluids. This method is applied to a field-theoretic model of a ternary blend of AB diblock copolymers with A and B homopolymers. We find a shift in the line of order−disorder transitions from their mean-field values, as well as strong signatures of the existence of a bicontinuous microemulsion phase in the vicinity of the mean-field Lifshitz critical point. This is in qualitative agreement with a recent series of experiments conducted with various three-dimensional realizations of this model system. Further, we also compare our results and the performance of the presently proposed simulation method to that of an alternative method involving the integration of complex Langevin dynamical equations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the combined effect of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and different aminoacids (L-lysine, LYS, L-valine, VAL; L-iso-leucine, LEU; and Larginine, ARG) on the solubility of naproxen was investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, the ternary system Cu2S-S was investigated by differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffractometry, and three phases of composition Cu4SnS4, Cu2snS3 and Cu2Sn3+xS7+2x(0≤×≤1) were found exhibiting melting points at 833, 856 and 803 °C, respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper, the solvatochromic probe behavior within ternary BMIMPF6 + ethanol + water systems was investigated using four solvatic probes: pyrene, 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane, 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde, an...
Abstract: The solvatochromic probe behavior within ternary BMIMPF6 + ethanol + water systems were investigated using four solvatochromic probes: pyrene, 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane, 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde, an...
TL;DR: A new simplified synthetic procedure for commercial manufacture of ternary single-source precursors (SSPs) has been successfully implemented and the first liquid SSPs to the semiconductors CuInSe(2) and AgIn(x)S(y).
Abstract: We report a new simplified synthetic procedure for commercial manufacture of ternary single-source precursors (SSPs). This new synthetic process has been successfully implemented to fabricate known SSPs on bulk scale and the first liquid SSPs to the semiconductors CuInSe2 and AgInxSy. Single crystal X-ray determination reveals the first unsolvated ternary AgInS SSP. SSPs prepared via this new route have successfully been used in a spray assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process to deposit polycrystalline thin films, and for preparing ternary nanocrystallites.
TL;DR: In this article, the Gibbs energy of formation for the ternary phase Cu 2 TiZr 2 was assessed from experimental data and a new description of the Cu 2 and Cu Zr 2 phases, treated as single phases, was developed, allowing the prediction of a series of invariant points involving the liquid phase, at lower temperatures than neighboring binary eutectics.
TL;DR: DFT investigations on the electronic situation and first ESR studies agree in that they demonstrate a high-spin ground state in the case of 3 with 20 unpaired electrons at four uncoupled MnII centers.
Abstract: Reactions of K4[SnSe4]·1.5MeOH with ZnCl2 or MnCl2·4H2O in water/methanol mixtures yield novel compounds [K10(H2O)16(MeOH)0.5][M4(μ4-Se)(SnSe4)4] (M = Zn, 2; Mn, 3) in high yields; 2 and 3 contain the first discrete ternary Zn/Sn/Se or Mn/Sn/Se cluster anions. Both compounds were unambiguously characterized by X-ray diffraction (tetragonal, space groups P43212 and P41212, respectively) revealing chiral anionic structures within chiral crystals. Optical spectra of 2 and 3 indicate energy differences for the lowest electronic excitations (Eg = 2.57 eV, 2; 2.27 eV, 3) that are very close to the band gap values observed for mesoporous solids with polymeric M/Sn/E networks. DFT investigations on the electronic situation and first ESR studies agree in that they demonstrate a high-spin ground state in the case of 3 with 20 unpaired electrons at four uncoupled MnII centers.
TL;DR: In this paper, the growth of single cubic-phase MgZnO thin films by reactive electron beam evaporation on sapphire substrates was investigated and a detailed theoretical procedure was employed to analyse the transmission profile for information on composition non-uniformity, in addition to exact determination of the band gap energy.
Abstract: We report on the growth of single cubic-phase MgZnO thin films by reactive electron beam evaporation on sapphire substrates. A detailed theoretical procedure has been employed to analyse the transmission profile for information on composition non-uniformity, in addition to the exact determination of the band gap energy. The study of composition non-uniformity has been further extended to both the typically reported hexagonal and cubic MgZnO thin films. It is found that the composition non-uniformity strongly depends on the Mg content, which can be well explained by the ZnO–MgO phase diagram.
TL;DR: Sunflower oil was used as an organic thermal co-stabilizer for plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the presence of Zn and Ca stearates as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, a coupled thermodynamic-kinetic oxidation model is presented that describes the thermal oxidation of a single-phase ternary alloy, and the model computes composition-depth profiles in the alloy, as well as the amount of each oxide phase developed as a function of oxidation time, including formation of multiple oxide phases during the initial stage of fast oxidation.
TL;DR: Improvement in Kc values for ternary complexes clearly proves the benefit on the addition of water-soluble polymers to promote higher complexation efficiency, particularly for co-evaporated and lyophilized binary and Ternary products.
TL;DR: In this paper, the possibility to introduce nitrogen as a substitute for oxygen within the anionic network of ternary and higher order rare-earth oxides has been examined, and it has been shown that the higher anionic formal charge resulting from this N3−/O2− substitution can be compensated either through cross-substitutions or by the creation of anionic vacancies.
TL;DR: Investigation of the interactions between vinpocetine, sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin and SBEbetaCD and the water-soluble polymers suggests that coevaporation and lyophilization methods yield a higher degree of amorphous entities and indicated formation of VP-SBE betaCD binary and ternary complexes.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactions between vinpocetine (VP), sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBEbetaCD) and the water-soluble polymers polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The water-soluble polymers were shown to improve the complexation efficiency of SBEbetaCD, and thus less SBEbetaCD was needed to prepare solid VP-SBEbetaCD complexes in the presence of the polymers. The interactions between VP and SBEbetaCD, with or without PVP or HPMC, were thoroughly investigated in aqueous solutions using the phase-solubility method as well as in the solid state. The amount of VP solubilized in water or aqueous polymer solution increased linearly with increasing SBEbetaCD concentration, demonstrating A(L)-type plots. We estimated the apparent stability constant (K(c)) at room temperature of VP-SBEbetaCD binary complex to be 340 M(-1) and this value increased to 490 M(-1) or 390 M(-1), respectively, with the addition of PVP and HPMC, assuming a 1 : 1 VP-SBEbetaCD molar ratio. Improvement in the K(c) values for ternary complexes clearly confirmed the benefit of the addition of water-soluble polymers to promote higher complexation efficiency. Solid VP-SBEbetaCD binary and ternary systems were prepared by physical mixing, kneading, coevaporation, and lyophilization methods and fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffractometry. The results obtained suggest that coevaporation and lyophilization methods yield a higher degree of amorphous entities and indicated formation of VP-SBEbetaCD binary and ternary complexes.
TL;DR: In this paper, a complete description of the solid-solid and solid-liquid phase equilibria in the six binary and three ternary systems has been obtained, based on the experimental investigation carried out in our laboratory and reported in a separate paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermodynamic properties of the ternary Mg-Al-Ca system were investigated based on the Al-Ca, Al-Mg, and Ca Mg binary systems.
Abstract: The thermodynamic properties of the ternary Mg-Al-Ca system are investigated in this article, based on the Al-Ca, Al-Mg, and Ca-Mg binary systems. The equilibrium phases in the Mg-Al-Ca alloys studied are the primary magnesium matrix and Cl5-Al2Ca, as indicated by the calculated ternary phase diagrams. The experimental results are in good agreement with the thermodynamic calculations using Thermo-Calc software.
TL;DR: In this paper, a large series of ternary oxides of composition A 2 BB′O 6 and belonging to the perovskite structural type have been prepared and their structures confirmed by X-ray powder diffractometry.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the preparation methods, crystallochemistry and physical properties of binary and ternary carbides of Group I or Group II metals is presented, where the ionic description is not valid in all cases, as these compounds display interesting properties on the borderline between ionic and metallic behaviour.