Showing papers on "Ternary operation published in 2007"
TL;DR: A ternary composite of CNT/polypyrrole/hydrous MnO 2 is prepared by in situ chemical method and its electrochemical performance is evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance measurement and constant-current charge/discharge cycling techniques as mentioned in this paper.
316 citations
TL;DR: Monodisperse ternary ferrite nanocrystals have been synthesized through a facile and general route involving thermolysis of an intimately mixed binary metal−oleate complex with similar decomposition temperature of the constituents.
Abstract: Monodisperse ternary ferrite (MFe2O4, M = Co, Ni, Mn, and Fe) nanocrystals have been synthesized through a facile and general route involving thermolysis of an intimately mixed binary metal−oleate complex with similar decomposition temperature of the constituents.
283 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of ternary, isothermal phase diagrams of co-crystal-forming systems is described as a basis for understanding current crystallization methodologies and for experimental design in the preparation of cocrystals.
Abstract: We describe the use of ternary, isothermal phase diagrams of co-crystal-forming systems as a basis for understanding current crystallization methodologies and for experimental design in the preparation of co-crystals.
238 citations
TL;DR: The synthesis and exploration of heterobimetallic chalcogenide compounds has been studied intensely during the last decade as discussed by the authors, with the main focus on the development of novel materials.
235 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of acrylate monomer chemical structure on the thermophysical properties of ternary thiol−ene/acrylate photopolymers was studied with DMA, DSC, and the absorbance of a nondestructive impact energy.
Abstract: Model ternary thiol−ene/acrylate photopolymerization involving acrylate homopolymerization and copolymerization of thiol−ene and thiol−acrylate monomers were monitored by real-time FTIR. In all ternary mixtures, including those prepared with different acrylate concentrations, acrylate conversion was 100%. However, thiol−ene conversions were found to be controlled by their initial concentrations. The influence of acrylate monomer chemical structure on the thermophysical properties of ternary thiol−ene/acrylate systems was studied with DMA, DSC, and the absorbance of a nondestructive impact energy. The addition of acrylate to the thiol−ene system increased the rubbery modulus while the tan δmax shifted to higher temperatures. Densely cross-linked, heterogeneous matrix formation was observed with the broadening of tan δ peaks at high acrylate concentrations. The high impact absorption of these ternary thermoset photopolymers was correlated with the dynamic mechanical damping ability of the networks. Acrylate...
150 citations
TL;DR: Pt-based ternary catalysts have been proposed as electrode materials for low temperature fuel cells as mentioned in this paper, and they have been tested as anode materials with improved CO tolerance or enhanced activity for methanol or ethanol oxidation.
Abstract: Pt-based ternary catalysts have been proposed as electrode materials for low temperature fuel cells. Pt–Ru-based ternary catalysts were tested as anode materials with improved CO tolerance or enhanced activity for methanol or ethanol oxidation. Ternary catalysts based on platinum alloyed with first row transition metals were tested as cathode materials with improved activity for the oxygen reduction. This paper presents an overview of the preparation methods and structural characteristics of these ternary catalysts.
144 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the development of the Fe-Ga (Galfenol) alloy system for magnetostriction applications including work on substitutional ternary alloying additions for magnetic property enhancement is presented.
Abstract: This article will review the development of the Fe–Ga (Galfenol) alloy system for magnetostriction applications including work on substitutional ternary alloying additions for magnetic property enhancement. A majority of the alloying addition research has focused on substitutional ternary elements in Bridgman grown single crystals with the intent of improving the magnetostrictive capability of the Galfenol system. Single crystals provide the ideal vehicle to assess the effectiveness of the addition on the magnetostrictive properties by eliminating grain boundary effects, orientation variations, and grain-to-grain interactions that occur when polycrystals respond to applied magnetic fields. In almost all cases, ternary additions of transition metal elements have decreased the magnetostriction values from the binary Fe–Ga alloy. Most of the ternary additions are known to stabilize the D03 chemical order and could be a primary contribution to the observed reduction in magnetostriction. In contrast, both Sn and Al are found to substitute chemically for Ga. For Sn additions, whose solubility is limited, no reduction in magnetostriction strains are observed when compared to the equivalent binary alloy composition. Aluminum additions, whose effect on the magnetoelastic coupling on Fe is similar to Ga, result in a rule of mixture relationship. The reviewed research suggests that phase stabilization of the disordered bcc structure is a key component to increase the magnetostriction of Fe–Ga alloys.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two types of CaCO 3 nanoparticles (stearic acid treated and untreated) and two processing sequences (one-step and two-step mixing) were used to adjust the phase structure of the ternary composites.
135 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, gold nanoparticles were deposited on mixed oxides containing Cu, Mg, and Al in different ratios, and the mixed-oxide supports were prepared by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), resulting in agglomerated primary nanoparticles in the 10-15 nm range, onto which 6- to 9-nm gold particles were deposited by means of deposition-precipitation.
123 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the constitution of the ternary system Al-Fe-Si is reinvestigated over the entire composition range by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray (SEM/EDX).
Abstract: The constitution of the ternary system Al-Fe-Si is reinvestigated over the entire composition range by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). The liquidus projection obtained shows equilibria among nine ternary phases. Except for the occurrence of the three additional ternary phases not recognized at the time, the previous work is found to be accurate in most details. In the isothermal section at 550 °C, an additional ternary phase occurs for which the indexed X-ray powder diffraction pattern is presented. Crystal structures reported for the other phases are all confirmed.
120 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the realization of this idea in Ag-Sb-based ternary chalcogenides, which are important optical phase change and thermoelectric materials.
Abstract: Novel semiconductors with tailored properties can be designed theoretically based on our understanding of the interplay of atomic and electronic structures and the nature of the electronic states near the band-gap region. We discuss here the realization of this idea in Ag-Sb-based ternary chalcogenides, which are important optical phase change and thermoelectric materials. Based on our studies we propose new systems for high-performance thermoelectrics.
TL;DR: In this paper, a phase field model for three-component immiscible liquid flows with surface tension is presented, which incorporates a chemical potential which can eliminate the unphysical phase field profile and a continuous surface tension force formulation from which they can calculate the pressure field directly from the governing equations.
TL;DR: The arduous analysis and classification of hundreds of spectra is reduced to a much shorter analysis of only a few spectra in a procedure for the quick identification of structural phases in thin film composition spread experiments.
Abstract: We are developing a procedure for the quick identification of structural phases in thin film composition spread experiments which map large fractions of compositional phase diagrams of ternary metallic alloy systems. An in-house scanning x-ray microdiffractometer is used to obtain x-ray spectra from 273 different compositions on a single composition spread library. A cluster analysis software is then used to sort the spectra into groups in order to rapidly discover the distribution of phases on the ternary diagram. The most representative pattern of each group is then compared to a database of known structures to identify known phases. Using this method, the arduous analysis and classification of hundreds of spectra is reduced to a much shorter analysis of only a few spectra.
TL;DR: In this article, a fully dense and single-phase Ti 2 AlN ceramic was successfully synthesized by a hot-pressing method using Ti, TiN and Al as starting materials.
TL;DR: Single crystals of the new ternary carbides Ta4AlC3 and Ta3AlC2 were synthesized from molten aluminum and characterized XRD, EDX, and WDX measurements, and crystal structures were refined for the first time on the basis of single-crystal data.
Abstract: Single crystals of the new ternary carbides Ta4AlC3 and Ta3AlC2 were synthesized from molten aluminum and characterized XRD, EDX, and WDX measurements. Crystal structures were refined for the first time on the basis of single-crystal data. Both compounds crystallize in a hexagonal structure with space group P63/mmc and Z = 2. The lattice constants are a = 3.1131(3) A and c = 24.122(3) A for Ta4AlC3 and a = 3.0930(6) A and c = 19.159(4) A for Ta3AlC2. The crystal structures can be explained with a building block system consisting of two types of partial structures. The intermetallic part with a composition TaAl is a two layer cutting of a hexagonal closest packing. The carbide partial structure is a fragment of the binary carbide TaC (NaCl type). It consists of three (Ta4AlC3) or two layers (Ta3AlC2) of CTa6-octahedra linked via common corners and edges. Both compounds are members of the series (TaC)nTaAl. The crystal quality of Ta3AlC2 is improved by using a Al/Sn melt for crystal growth leading to small ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesized by high energy ball milling a SnCo-C ternary compound of composition supposedly similar to that used in the new commercial battery.
TL;DR: Colloidal, monodisperse, single-crystalline pyramidal CuInS2 and rectangular Ag inS2 nanocrystals were successfully synthesized through a convenient and improved solvothermal process that uses hexadecylamine as a capping reagent and could be extended to the synthesis of other functional nanomaterials.
Abstract: Colloidal, monodisperse, single-crystalline pyramidal CuInS 2 and rectangular AgInS 2 nanocrystals were successfully synthesized through a convenient and improved solvothermal process that uses hexadecylamine as a capping reagent. The crystal phase, morphology, crystal lattice, and chemical composition of the as-prepared products were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results revealed that the as-synthesized CuInS 2 colloid is in the tetragonal phase (size: 13-17 nm) and the AgInS 2 in the orthorhombic structure (size: 17 ± 0.5 nm). A possible shape evolution and crystal growth mechanism has been suggested for the formation of pyramidal CuInS 2 and rectangular AgInS 2 colloids. Control experiments indicated that the morphology- and/or phase-change of CuInS 2 and orthorhombic AgInS 2 colloids are temperature- and/or time-dependent. CuInS 2 colloids absorb well in the range of visible light at room-temperature, indicating its potential application as a solar absorber. Two photoluminescence (PL) subbands at 1.938 and 2.384 eV in the PL spectra of CuInS 2 colloids revealed that the recombination of the closest and the second closest donor-acceptor pairs within the CuInS 2 lattice, in which the donor defect (Cu i ) occupies an interstitial position and the acceptor defect (V In ) resides at an adjacent cation site. In addition, the synthesis strategy developed in this study is convenient and inexpensive, and could also be used as a general process for the synthesis of other pure or doped ternary chalcogenides that require a controlled size (or shape). This process could be extended to the synthesis of other functional nanomaterials.
TL;DR: This review deals with copper complexes of a variety of organic and bioorganic molecules that have been produced as gas-phase ions by electrospray and other ionization methods and studied experimentally by mass spectrometry and theoretically by ab initio and density functional theory computations.
Abstract: This review deals with copper complexes of a variety of organic and bioorganic molecules that have been produced as gas-phase ions by electrospray and other ionization methods and studied experimentally by mass spectrometry and theoretically by ab initio and density functional theory computations. Ternary complexes of Cu((II)) allow one to modify the oxidation state and coordination sphere of the copper ion and thus induce novel fragmentations that involve redox and radical-based reactions. Structure elucidation, distinction, and quantitation of leucine and isoleucine isomers in peptides, distinction of enantiomers in chiral compounds, and sensitive detection of antibiotics are some of the highlights of mass spectrometry of ternary copper complexes. Binary copper complexes are mainly represented by Cu((I)) species in which the copper ion displays the properties of a weak Lewis acid.
TL;DR: Detailed ab initio calculations on some model cation-pi-anion ternary complexes are carried out and the nonpair potential terms, three-body contributions, and attractive and repulsive energy components of the interaction energy are evaluated.
Abstract: Cation-pi and the corresponding anion-pi interactions have in general been investigated as binary complexes despite their association with counterions. However, a recent study of the ammonia channel highlights the important but overlooked role of anions in cation-pi interactions. In an effort to examine the structural and energetic consequences of the presence of counterions, we have carried out detailed ab initio calculations on some model cation-pi-anion ternary complexes and evaluated the nonpair potential terms, three-body contributions, and attractive and repulsive energy components of the interaction energy. The presence of the anion in the vicinity of the pi system leads to a large redistribution of electron density and hence leads to an inductive stabilization. The resulting electronic and geometrical changes have important consequences in both chemical and biological systems. Compared to cation-pi-anion ternary complexes, the magnitude of the cation-pi interaction in pi-cation-anion ternary complexes is markedly lower because of charge transfer from the anion to the cation.
TL;DR: In this article, a novel method based on unimolecular quantum mechanical calculations has been used to predict the multicomponent liquid−liquid equilibria (LLE) using the COnductor-like Screening MOdel (COSMO), along with the most common quantum chemical package of Gaussian03.
Abstract: A novel method based on unimolecular quantum mechanical calculations has been used to predict the multicomponent liquid−liquid equilibria (LLE). The recently developed COnductor-like Screening MOdel (COSMO), along with the most common quantum chemical package of Gaussian03 has been used in this work. COSMO-RS combines the COSMO model calculations with exact statistical thermodynamics of pairwise interacting surface segments and has been used for the evaluation of molecular interactions in liquids. COSMO-RS has been used to predict the LLE for 158 multicomponent data sets, which consist of 80 ternary, 9 quaternary, and 4 quinary systems, several of which are examined at different temperatures. The effective contact surface area (aeff), the hydrogen-bonding coefficient (chb), and the cutoff surface charge density for hydrogen bonding (σhb) have been estimated simultaneously, using 10 ternary data sets that consist of 11 different functional groups (CH3, CH2, CH, CHCH2, C−CH3, OH, CH2O, C−(CH2), COO, C−Cl, C...
TL;DR: This work proposes a novel method that improves the embedding efficiency of binary covering functions by fully exploiting the information contained in the choice of addition or subtraction in theembedding.
Abstract: In image steganography, each pixel can carry a ternary message by choosing adding/subtracting one to/from the gray value. Although ternary covering functions can provide embedding efficiency higher than binary ones, it is necessary to convert the binary message into a ternary format. We propose a novel method that improves the embedding efficiency of binary covering functions by fully exploiting the information contained in the choice of addition or subtraction in the embedding. The improved scheme can perform equally well with, or even outperform, ternary covering functions without ternary conversion of the message.
TL;DR: The analysis concerns the weak adsorption limit when individual PEG chains do not bind proteins, and addresses two issues of special relevance to brushes of short PEGs: the consequences of large proteins at the surface protruding out of a shallow brush and the possibility of marginal solvent conditions leading to mean-field behavior.
Abstract: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) brushes are used to reduce protein adsorption at surfaces. Their design needs to allow for two leading adsorption modes at the brush-coated surface. One is primary adsorption at the surface itself. The second is ternary adsorption within the brush as a result of weak PEG-protein attraction. We present a scaling theory of the equilibrium adsorption isotherms allowing for concurrent primary and ternary adsorption. The analysis concerns the weak adsorption limit when individual PEG chains do not bind proteins. It also addresses two issues of special relevance to brushes of short PEGs: the consequences of large proteins at the surface protruding out of a shallow brush and the possibility of marginal solvent conditions leading to mean-field behavior. The simple expressions for the adsorption isotherms are in semiquantitative agreement with experiments.
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel flame-retardant ternary composite of polymer/crosslinked rubber/nano-Magnesium hydroxide (MH), prepared by blending thermoplastic polymer with a special compound powder of crosslinked rubber and nano-MH, was introduced.
15 Mar 2007-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gibbs free energy diagram of the immiscible quasi-binary TiN-AlN system is constructed in order to discuss the relative phase stability of the metastable ternary hcp- and fcc-Ti1−xAlxN phases over the entire range of compositions.
Abstract: The total energies and lattice constants of binary hcp- and fcc-TiN, AlN and ternary Ti0.5Al0.5N phases are calculated by ab initio method using the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP). The values of total energies are then used to calculate the lattice stabilities of binary hcp- and fcc-TiN, AlN and the interaction parameter of ternary Ti1−xAlxN phases on the basis of the semiempirical, thermodynamic sub-lattice model. Based on these data, the Gibbs free energy diagram of the immiscible quasi-binary TiN–AlN system are constructed in order to discuss the relative phase stability of the metastable ternary hcp- and fcc-Ti1−xAlxN phases over the entire range of compositions. The prediction is compared with the published results from PVD and CVD experiments. The calculated lattice energy and the constructed Gibbs free energy diagram show, in agreement with the experiments, that metastable fcc-Ti1−xAlxN coatings can easily undergo spinodal decomposition into coherent fcc-TiN and fcc-AlN, but there is a relatively large barrier for the formation of the stable hcp-AlN. A comparison with the TiN–Si3N4 system shows that, due to the much higher de-mixing energy of this system as compared to the TiN–AlN one, spinodal decomposition may occur in that system also for semicoherent TiN and Si3N4 phases.
TL;DR: A hexagonal Cu2SnS3 with uniform and well-dispersed nanoparticle morphology has been synthesized, representing an example of hexagonal system in the Cu-SnE (S, Se) ternary chalcogenides.
Abstract: A hexagonal Cu2SnS3 with uniform and well-dispersed nanoparticle morphology has been synthesized, representing an example of hexagonal system in the Cu–Sn–E (S, Se) ternary chalcogenides. Both theoretical calculation and experimental results give the unique metallic character of Cu2SnS3, which is significantly different from the traditional opinion that I-IV-VI ternary chalcogenides were regarded previously as small or middle band-gap semiconductors. Also, M(I)2SnS3 (M=Ag, Au, Rb, and Cs) serial compounds are another potential family of conducting sulfides. The conducting Cu2SnS3 product with the interlayer space and tunnels in the crystal structures could be fascinatingly introduced to the lithium battery application.
TL;DR: In this article, the crystal structure and piezoelectric properties of ternary ceramics x(Bi1∕2Na1 ∕2)TiO3-y(Bi 1∕ 2K1√2) TiO3 -nknbO3 (abbreviated as BNT-BKT-KN100x∕100y ∕100z) system have been investigated.
Abstract: The crystal structure and piezoelectric properties of ternary ceramics x(Bi1∕2Na1∕2)TiO3–y(Bi1∕2K1∕2)TiO3–zKNbO3 (abbreviated as BNT-BKT-KN100x∕100y∕100z) system have been investigated. Effects of BKT and KN on the crystalline structure were examined. The morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) phase diagram of BNT-BKT-KN ternary system was determined by x-ray diffraction patterns from sintered specimens. Near the MPB, BNT-BKT-KN82∕16∕2 ceramics had good performances with piezoelectric constant d33=215pC∕N which reached a maximum value in this ternary system and planar electromechanical coupling factor kp=35%. Besides, BNT-BKT-KN87∕10∕3 ceramics had good performances with piezoelectric constant d33=138pC∕N and electromechanical coupling factor kp=38% which attained a maximum value in this ternary system.
TL;DR: In this article, a quantitative analysis of compositions in ternary blends were performed using multi-techniques including Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS).
TL;DR: In this paper, an electrochemical investigation of a ternary electrode, obtained by mechanical-milling of Sn, Co and C (graphite), and having the Sn 31 Co 28 C 41 composition, showed promising electrochemical characteristics both in terms of specific capacity and rate.
TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis of Tin+1SnCn (MAX phases) by hot isostatic pressing starting with titanium, tin, and carbon powders was reported, and the lattice parameters, deduced from Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns, were found to be a=0.31366 nm and c=1.8650 nm.
Abstract: We report on the synthesis of Tin+1SnCn (MAX phases) by hot isostatic pressing starting with titanium, tin, and carbon powders. In addition to the already known Ti2SnC compound (211 MAX phase), a new 312 MAX phase, Ti3SnC2, is formed. Its lattice parameters, deduced from Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns, are found to be a=0.31366 nm and c=1.8650 nm.
TL;DR: Analysis of the spatial domain pattern in terms of Voronoi polygons demonstrates a close similarity to equilibrated cellular structures with a maximized configurational entropy.
Abstract: A number of morphological and statistical aspects of domain formation in singly and doubly supported ternary membranes have been investigated. Such ternary membranes produce macroscopic phase separation in two fluid phases and are widely used as raft models. We find that membrane interactions with the support surface can have a critical influence on the domain shapes if measures are not taken to screen these interactions. Combined AFM and fluorescence microscopy demonstrate small (500 nm) irregular domains and incomplete formation of much larger (5 μm) round domains. These kinetically trapped structures are the result of interactions between the membrane and the support surface, and they can be effectively removed by employing doubly supported membranes under physiological salt concentrations. These decoupled supported membranes display macroscopic round domains that are easily perturbed by fluid shear flow. The system allows a quantitative characterization of domain coarsening upon being cooled into the ...