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Terpene

About: Terpene is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2208 publications have been published within this topic receiving 51480 citations. The topic is also known as: terpenes.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Despite the negligible effect of terpenes on the drug solubility, there was a profound skin penetration enhancement effect, although the terpene enhancers varied in their ability to enhance the flux of diclofenac sodium.

98 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that the apple TPS gene family has been shaped by a combination of ancestral and more recent genome-wide duplication events, and the small number of terpenes found in the fruit of modern cultivars may be related to commercial breeding strategies.
Abstract: Terpenes are specialized plant metabolites that act as attractants to pollinators and as defensive compounds against pathogens and herbivores, but they also play an important role in determining the quality of horticultural food products. We show that the genome of cultivated apple (Malus domestica) contains 55 putative terpene synthase (TPS) genes, of which only 10 are predicted to be functional. This low number of predicted functional TPS genes compared with other plant species was supported by the identification of only eight potentially functional TPS enzymes in apple ‘Royal Gala’ expressed sequence tag databases, including the previously characterized apple (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase. In planta functional characterization of these TPS enzymes showed that they could account for the majority of terpene volatiles produced in cv Royal Gala, including the sesquiterpenes germacrene-D and (E)-β-caryophyllene, the monoterpenes linalool and α-pinene, and the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Relative expression analysis of the TPS genes indicated that floral and vegetative tissues were the primary sites of terpene production in cv Royal Gala. However, production of cv Royal Gala floral-specific terpenes and TPS genes was observed in the fruit of some heritage apple cultivars. Our results suggest that the apple TPS gene family has been shaped by a combination of ancestral and more recent genome-wide duplication events. The relatively small number of functional enzymes suggests that the remaining terpenes produced in floral and vegetative and fruit tissues are maintained under a positive selective pressure, while the small number of terpenes found in the fruit of modern cultivars may be related to commercial breeding strategies.

96 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The synergistic effect of turpentine and ethanol for some species and not others may point to ecological differences between species with regard to the condition of preferred host material.
Abstract: Responses of seven species of pine-infesting beetles to traps baited with either turpentine, ethanol, turpentine and ethanol released from separate dispensers, or a 1:1 solution of turpentine and ethanol released from one dispenser were assessed in three field experiments. The weevil species, Pachylobius picivorus (Germar), and the cerambycid pine sawyer, Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier), were attracted to turpentine and were unaffected by the addition of ethanol. The ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, responded to ethanol alone but was not attracted to turpentine, nor did the presence of turpentine significantly affect its response to ethanol. The remaining four species displayed responses to turpentine that were enhanced by the addition of ethanol, but in different ways according to the method of deployment. Hylobius pales (Herbst) weevils and M. titillator (F.) sawyers displayed greatest attraction to turpentine and ethanol whether they were released from side-by-side dispensers or as a solution from one dispenser. The black turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier), displayed the highest response to turpentine and ethanol in solution. The ambrosia beetle, X. pubescens Zimmermann, responded in low numbers to turpentine or ethanol deployed singly, but displayed an enhanced response (20-fold increase) to turpentine and ethanol deployed side-by-side and an even greater response (60-fold increase) to a solution of turpentine and ethanol. Reasons for increased responses by some species to a solution of turpentine and ethanol over the two released separately are not clear; they may lie in different dosages or evaporation rates of volatiles in the field. Laboratory analyses of trapped headspace volatiles from dispensers containing only turpentine and those containing a solution of turpentine and ethanol revealed no differences in the amounts of four principal monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, and limonene) released over time. The synergistic effect of turpentine and ethanol for some species and not others may point to ecological differences between species with regard to the condition of preferred host material.

96 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hydro-distilled volatile oil of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum buds was analyzed using GC and GC-MS for the first time and a comparison of the chemical composition of the oil was made with that of flowers and fruits.
Abstract: The hydro-distilled volatile oil of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) buds was analyzed using GC and GC-MS for the first time. Thirty-four compounds representing approximately 98% of the oil was characterized. It consists of terpene hydrocarbons (78%) and oxygenated terpenoids (9%). alpha-Bergamotene (27.38%) and alpha-copaene (23.05%) are found to be the major compounds. A comparison of the chemical composition of the oil was made with that of flowers and fruits.

95 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023400
2022834
202190
202093
201970
201895