Showing papers on "Texture (crystalline) published in 1977"
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TL;DR: Wehner and Hajicek as discussed by the authors reported that a microscopic surface texture could be created by sputter etching a surface while simultaneously sputter depositing a lower sputter yield material onto the surface.
Abstract: Wehner and Hajicek have reported that a microscopic surface texture could be created by sputter etching a surface while simultaneously sputter depositing a lower sputter yield material onto the surface. A xenon ion beam source has been used to perform this texturing process on samples as large as 3 cm diam. Ion‐beam‐textured surface structures have been characterized with SEM photomicrographs for a large number of materials, including Cu, Al, Si, Ti, Ni, Fe, stainless steel, Au, and Ag. Surfaces have been textured using a variety of low sputter yield materials—Ta, Mo, Nb, and Ti. The initial stages of the texture creation have been documented, and the technique of ion beam sputter removal of any remaining deposited material has been studied. A number of other texturing parameters have been studied such as the variation of the texture with ion beam power, surface temperature, and the rate of texture growth with sputter etching time.
68 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the theory of preferred orientation determination by Mossbauer effect for the case of unpolarized and polarized source radiation was presented for M1 radiation (Fe57) and the cases of pure Zeeman or quadrupole splitting of source and absorber.
Abstract: The theory of preferred orientation determination (crystallographic- or spintexture) by Mossbauer effect is presented for the case of unpolarized and polarized source radiation. The maximum information one can get out from Mossbauer measurements for the case of dipole radiation (M1) are nine expansion coefficients of the texture distribution expanded in a series of spherical harmonics. These coefficients can be obtained by a fitting procedure of the experimentally determined line intensity ratios in an absorption spectrum with rotated source and absorber. The general theory is applied for M1 radiation (Fe57) and the cases of pure Zeeman or quadrupole splitting of source and absorber. Extension to higher multipole radiation can be easily done. Some graphs of possible textures are shown.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the first peak (peak 1) of thin MnO 2 films was characterized from their deposition current-time curves and by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis.
36 citations
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the characteristics of cobalt deposits have been studied as functions of the electrolysis parameters such as the current density and the pH of the solution, and the rest potential, the cathodic overpotential, the current yield, the kinetic parameters and the reaction rate are considered to be properties of an electrochemical nature.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, light scattering from polybutene-1 films prepared by tubular extrusion was studied in order to investigate its crystalline superstructure and the deformation mechanism.
Abstract: Light scattering from polybutene-1 films prepared by tubular extrusion was studied in order to investigate its crystalline superstructure and the deformation mechanism. Analysis of the light-scattering patterns together with electron micrographs, indicate the existence of sheaflike crystalline superstructures. The sheaves are aligned nearly side by side with their axes preferentially oriented perpendicular to the machine direction. The Hv scattering patterns exhibit a “butterfly” appearance. Analysis of the patterns in terms of scattering and azimuthal angles at which the scattering intensity is a maximum yields information on the size and shape of the sheaflike texture. The information should be of importance in studies of anisotropic crystal growth caused by molecular orientation in the melt and of the deformation mechanism of the texture. The deformation behavior should be representative of that of different parts of spherulites, at least qualitatively; the deformation of the texture along the machine and transverse directions corresponds to deformation of equatorial and meridional regions of a spherulite, respectively.
25 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the inherent crystallographic texture of a commercially rolled and annealed (700°C) Ti-6Al4V bar, due to subsequent heat treatments, have been followed by (0002) and (10 1 0) pole figure determinations.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that previous in situ studies of the Zn-Al eutectoid are open to question because the diffusivity in the aluminium-rich grains is calculated to be enhanced by a factor of 105 by irradiation damage from the electron beam.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that changes in the substrate crystallographic texture and the glass layer diminish the interpenetrating nature of the glass interface and weaken the glass-substrate interface.
Abstract: The adherence of a glass bonded Pt-Au thick film conductor to various alumina substrates is degraded by changes in the surface composition of and by the presence of (0001) crystallographic texture in the substrate. Using the critical fracture energy (γIC) required to separate the thick film from the substrate, it was found that γIC was reduced from a maximum of 3.7 J m−2 using an as-received 96+ wt% alumina substrate to ∼2J m−2 using an as-received 99+ wt% alumina. In addition, the thick film adherence γIC using (0001) sapphire substrates was less than that using (11¯23) sapphire. The 96 wt% substate exhibited essentially a random crystallographic surface texture and a considerable amount of surface silicates. The as-received 99+ wt% Al2O3 substrate was charactarized by a high (0001) surface texture and, while exhibiting a similar composition silicate layer as that of the as-received 96 wt% alumina, the total amount of the glass layer is greatly diminished. Fractographic analysis of the separated thick films and substrates showed that changes in the substrate crystallographic texture and the glass layer diminish the interpenetrating nature of the glass—metal interface and weaken the glass—substrate interface. Such changes in thick film microstructure lead to poorer thick film adherence.
19 citations
Patent•
02 Mar 1977TL;DR: In this article, a mixture of the Grandjean texture and the focal-conic texture of the cholesteric mesophase is created by applying an electrical field to a liquid crystalline material in either the focal conic texture or Grand jean texture.
Abstract: A mixture of the Grandjean texture and the focal-conic texture of the cholesteric mesophase is created by applying an electrical field to a liquid crystalline material in either the focal-conic or Grandjean texture of the cholesteric mesophase of a magnitude sufficient to transform the liquid crystalline material from the cholesteric mesophase to the nematic mesophase; and, decreasing the magnitude of said electrical field over a period of time effective to transform the liquid crystalline material from the nematic mesophase to a mixture of the Grandjean and focal-conic textures of the cholesteric mesophase.
19 citations
TL;DR: Two new orientations of magnetite formed on haematite α-Fe2O3 after low-temperature reduction of a single crystal have been shown by means of X-ray texture analysis as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Two new orientations of magnetite formed on haematite α-Fe2O3 after low-temperature reduction of a single crystal have been shown by means of X-ray texture analysis. These are: orientation C, (113)M ||(00.1)H, (110)M||(10.0)H; orientation D, (115)M||(00.1)H, (110)M||(10.0)H.
TL;DR: In this article, an infrared dichroism of nematic liquid N-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-p-butylaniline (MBBA) was measured using a conventional transmission method and an ATR method.
Abstract: Infrared dichroism of nematic liquid N-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-p-butylaniline (MBBA) was measured using a conventional transmission method and an ATR method. In the former, KBr windows were used as substrates. The degree of orientation order of the homogeneous structure, which was achieved by a rubbing procedure, was obtained to be S=0.40. Using the measured dichroic ratios, the angles between the transition moments and the long axis of the molecule were calculated. The calculated values are in satisfactory agreement with the molecular conformation already suggested. In the ATR method, In2O3-coated glass plates were used as substrates. Rubbing of the In2O3 surface gave a uniform homogeneous orientation with an S value of 0.57. An In2O3 surface treated with dimethyldichlorosilane gave a homeotropic texture with an S value of 0.53. The directions of the transition moments relative to the long axis of the molecule closely agreed with those obtained from transmission spectra.
TL;DR: In this article, a critical analysis of the most important current theories (bidimensional nucleation, geometrical selection) and a quantitative study of the texture exhibited by Watts-deposited Ni samples prepared in well-defined conditions is presented.
Abstract: Experimentally observed fibre textures in thick Ni electrodeposits are not satisfactorily explained by any theoretical treatment. The purpose of this work is to put forward an alternative interpretation, based on a critical analysis of the most important current theories (bidimensional nucleation, geometrical selection) and a quantitative study of the texture exhibited by Watts-deposited Ni samples prepared in well-defined conditions. This new interpretation takes into account the effect near the cathode of various inhibitors (Ni(OH)2, gaseous H2, Hads) which result from hydrogen codeposition.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of four quantitative texture numbers F T, (SD) T, F A, and S, which are obtained from the direct pole figure, are calculated and compared for Zircaloy-2 tubing produced by three tubing manufacturers.
TL;DR: In this article, a Fourier series expansion model was used to represent the roughness of planar sections of particles, that is, the combined effect of shape and surface texture.
Abstract: A mathematical model based on a Fourier series expansion has been used to represent the roughness of planar sections of particles, that is, the combined effect of shape and surface texture. A new coefficient T is introduced which more precisely expresses the total roughness of the projected two-dimensional profile. It also gives a measure of shape and texture contribution factors separately. The value of the total roughness coefficient depends on the Fourier amplitude coefficients Cn, the length of the perimeter of the profile, and the difference between the maximum and minimum radii. Therefore the value of the total roughness coefficient T is a better representation of grain morphology than is a coefficient derived only from Fourier terms to which shape makes a dominant contribution. This value is the sum of the shape contribution factor Pc and the texture contribution factor Tc.
TL;DR: In this paper, a non-linear distribution of (211) interplanar spacing is shown to occur in textured steels, the reasons for the nonlinearity being marked texture, cold-formed structure and stresses.
Abstract: A non-linear distribution of (211) interplanar spacing is shown to occur in textured steels, the reasons for the non-linearity being marked texture, cold-formed structure and stresses. For stress evaluation it is recommended that the directions ψ be used, which are independent of texture. The paper gives the modified sin2ψ method, for both film and goniometer techniques, for predominantly uniaxial stresses.
TL;DR: In this paper, the lamellar structure of a high-density polyethylene oriented to give a single-crystal type of texture has been studied by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
Abstract: The lamellar structure of a high-density polyethylene oriented to give a single-crystal type of texture has been studied by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Structures shown by the Kanig technique [6, 7] and a replication technique of electron microscopy are consistent with one another and with the small-angle X-ray diffraction patterns of this type of material, but the electron microscope observations show local regions of highly misoriented lamellae which are not detectable by X-ray diffraction. In regions where the lamellar orientation is that expected from the X-ray patterns the lamellae are wide and irregularly wavy.
TL;DR: In this paper, several niobium plates were cold-rolled at room temperature to a total reduction of 60% to maintain the geometry of the deformation zone of deformation, which is constant for each plate.
Abstract: Several niobium plates were cold-rolled
at room temperature to a total reduction of 60%
maintaining the geometry of the zone of deformation
constant for each plate. Pole figures were obtained
by means of the Schulz x-ray reflection technique
from various depths in the thickness direction for
plates rolled with different ∆, the ratio of the mean
height of the deformation zone to its contact length.
Severe texture gradients were noted and characterized
for Δ > 1 ; a modified texture different from the
normal texture was observed at intermediate through-the-thickness locations. Both lateral widening and
microhardness gradients were also in evidence for
this case. No previously proposed theoretical explanation
could account for these results.
Patent•
15 Aug 1977
TL;DR: In this article, a can for use in a canned motor made of a soft magnetic metal plate is described, which has the magnetically hard direction of the texture oriented to the circumferential direction of a can body.
Abstract: A can for use in a canned motor made of a soft magnetic metal plate. Said metal plate has the magnetically hard direction of the texture oriented to the circumferential direction of the can body. Said metal plate also has the magnetically easy direction of the texture oriented to the normal direction of the can body.
TL;DR: In this paper, a correlation was found between the structure characteristic of the coatings and their reflectivity, based on the experimental data obtained and using some simple models, an approach was suggested for explaining the mechanism of formation of bright oriented nickel coatings.
TL;DR: In this paper, the analysis of Nb3Ge films prepared by sputtering with a modified rf arrangement is presented, and the results indicate the importance of thermalization of sputtered particles for the formation of the high transition-temperature compound.
Abstract: The analyses of Nb‐Ge films prepared by sputtering with a modified rf arrangement are reported. The results indicate the importance of thermalization of sputtered particles for the formation of the high‐transition‐temperature compound Nb3Ge.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the relative intensity distribution of the intensity difference at μ = 0° and 45° depends only upon size, and is identical to that of isotropic rods of the same size at large scattering angles.
Abstract: The theory for estimating the size of isotropic rodlike particles dispersed randomly in space was extended to anisotropic rodlike particles. The scattering from a random assembly of the anisotropic rods is more complex than that of the isotropic rods in that the angular dependence of the scattering depends upon the manner of orientation of the optical axes of anisotropic scattering elements as well as size of the rod. In order to evaluate size of the rod, one has to separate these two contributions. It is shown that relative intensity distribution of the intensity difference at μ=0° and 45°, i.e., (IHv)dif=|IHv(μ=0°)−IHv(μ=45°)| depends only upon size, and is identical to that of isotropic rods of the same size at large scattering angles. The intensity (IHv)dif may be then used to evaluate size of the anisotropic rodlike particle.
TL;DR: In this article, a graphite-antimony pentafluoride (SbF 5 ) intercalation compound was prepared by reacting equal amounts of powdered graphite and anhydrous SbF5 at 150°C in a sealed tube.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the loss of measured intensity with increasing specimen inclination in the Schulz reflection technique for texture determination is due to the increase in the width of the diffracted beam profile with increasing inclination.
Abstract: The loss of measured intensity with increasing specimen inclination in the Schulz reflection technique for texture determination is due to the increase in the width of the diffracted beam profile with increasing inclination. This increase in width is relatively greater for a sharp rather than broad profile. Since the metallurgical condition affects the width of the profile, it also affects the defocus correction. To make an accurate texture measurement one must determine the defocus correction using a specimen of random texture which has a diffracted beamwidth similar to that of the material of interest.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relative difference of coke textures in reactivity and found that the isotropic texture from reactive maceral of low rank coal had the greatest reactivity.
Abstract: The reactivity of coke is one of the important properties considered as criteria of coke quality. The purpose of this work is to examine the relative difference of coke textures in reactivity.Some laboratory and metallurgical cokes before and after solution loss reaction were examined by quantitative analyses of anisotropic texture.The result was that(1) the isotropic texture from reactive maceral of low rank coal had the greatest reactivity and the reactivity decreased in the order of isotropic texture from reactive maceral, isotropic texture from inert maceral, fine mosaic texture, coarse mosaic texture and flow type texture and (2) the reactivity of coke texture from inert macerals as well as from reative macerals decreased with increasing in the coal rank.It was supposed that the various types of optical anisotropy found in coke was related to the action of coke in blast furnace.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the strengthening mechanism responsible for the increase in the offset yield strength upon heat treatment of heavily cold rolled phosphor bronze, CDA 510, and examine the effects of alloy chemistry, crystallographic texture, and microstructure upon this heat treatment response.
Abstract: Experiments were performed to identify the strengthening mechanism responsible for the increase in the 0.01 pct offset yield strength upon heat treatment of heavily cold rolled phosphor bronze, CDA 510. The effects of alloy chemistry, crystallographic texture, and microstructure upon this heat treatment response were examined with tensile testing, differential thermal analysis and transmission electron microscopy. No evidence for precipitation was observed over the range of thermal treatments for which enhancement of the 0.01 pct offset yield strength is exhibited. This strength enhancement can be explained by a reduction of the mobile dislocation density by rearrangement into stable arrays and/or dislocation pinning by tin atoms.
TL;DR: In this paper, a dual-source electron beam heating was employed to evaporate OFHC copper and high purity alumina to produce thick films, which were intermixed and then condensed on a stationary preheated substrate to produce dense deposits.
Patent•
15 Jun 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, a laminating with good general-purpose and properties and workability, excellent texture, and not easily stained, manufactured by the use of specific synthetic fiber paper.
Abstract: PURPOSE:Decorative laminates with good general-purpose and properties and workability, excellent texture, and not easily stained, manufactured by the use of specific synthetic fiber paper.