Showing papers on "Theme (narrative) published in 1996"

Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache

Abstract: This remarkable book introduces us to four unforgettable Apache people, each of whom offers a different take on the significance of places in their culture. Apache conceptions of wisdom, manners and morals, and of their own history are inextricably intertwined with place, and by allowing us to overhear his conversations with Apaches on these subjects Basso expands our awareness of what place can mean to people.Most of us use the term "sense of place" often and rather carelessly when we think of nature or home or literature. Our senses of place, however, come not only from our individual experiences but also from our cultures. "Wisdom Sits in Places," the first sustained study of places and place-names by an anthropologist, explores place, places, and what they mean to a particular group of people, the Western Apache in Arizona. For more than thirty years, Keith Basso has been doing fieldwork among the Western Apache, and now he shares with us what he has learned of Apache place-names--where they come from and what they mean to Apaches."This is indeed a brilliant exposition of landscape and language in the world of the Western Apache. But it is more than that. Keith Basso gives us to understand something about the sacred and indivisible nature of words and place. And this is a universal equation, a balance in the universe. Place may be the first of all concepts; it may be the oldest of all words."--N. Scott Momaday"In "Wisdom Sits in Places" Keith Basso lifts a veil on the most elemental poetry of human experience, which is the naming of the world. In so doing he invests his scholarship with that rarest of scholarly qualities: a sense of spiritual exploration. Through his clear eyes we glimpse the spirit of a remarkable people and their land, and when we look away, we see our own world afresh."--William deBuys"A very exciting book--authoritative, fully informed, extremely thoughtful, and also engagingly written and a joy to read. Guiding us vividly among the landscapes and related story-tellings of the Western Apache, Basso explores in a highly readable way the role of language in the complex but compelling theme of a people's attachment to place. An important book by an eminent scholar."--Alvin M. Josephy, Jr.

Public History and the Study of Memory

Abstract: IN THE PAST DECADE, dozens of new certificate and degree programs in public history have trained historians for work in museums, archives, historic preservation, and public policy positions. Within these new programs a central question-how is public history different from conventional academic fields-has been answered in primarily vocational rather than intellectual terms. We think of public history as a collection of career paths, not a coherent subject of study. During the same decade there has been an explosion of scholarship examining the images and uses of history in Western culture. Ranging from broad overviews such as David Lowenthal's The Past is a Foreign Country (1985) and Michael Kammen's Mystic Chords of Memory (1991) to monographs such as Karal Ann Marling's George Washington Slept Here (1988) and my American Historical Pageantry (1990) to special issues of the Journal of American History ("Memory and American History"-March 1989) and Representations ("Memory and Countermemory"-Spring 1989), the new scholarship explores the various ways that the memory of a society is created, institutionalized, disseminated, and understood. The current fascination with memory among a wide variety of disciplines, including history, shows no sign of abating: the theme of a recent Organization of American Historians meeting (Chicago, March 1996) was "History, Memory, and Identity."

Practical work in school science: exploring some directions for change

Abstract: In discussing some of the contemporary challenges for science education, science education research and science education journals, Gilbert (1994) outlined some strategies for a way forward. Included among them was the commissioning of a series of journal articles addressing a common theme. I am delighted to have been given the opportunity to coordinate such an initiative on the topic of practical work/laboratory work in school science.

Boundaries And Barriers: On The Limits To Scientific Knowledge

Abstract: Introduction (John L. Casti and Anders Karlqvist) Limits of Science (John D. Barrow) The Outer Limits: In Search of the Unknowable in Science (John L. Casti) Variations on an Original Theme (N.C.A. da Costa and F. A. Doria) The Barriers of Objects: From Dynamical Systems to Bounded Organizations (Walter Fontana and Leo W. Buss) Scientific Knowledge from the Perspective of Quantum Cosmology (James B. Hartle) Structuring Reality: The Role of Limits (Piet Hut) Complexity and Epistemology (Harold J. Morowitz) On the Limitations of Scientific Knowledge (Robert Rosen) Undecidability Everywhere? (Karl Svozil) On Reality and Models (Joseph F. Traub).

No Passion Spent: Essays 1978-1995

Abstract: George Steiner is one of the preeminent essayists and literary thinkers of our era. In this remarkable book he concerns himself with language and the relation of language to literature and to religion. Written during a period when the art of reading and the status of a text have been threatened by literary movements that question their validity and by computer technology, Steiner's essays affirm the primacy of reading in the classical sense. Steiner covers a wide range of subjects, from the Hebrew Bible, Homer, and Shakespeare to Kafka, Kierkegaard, Simone Weil, Husserl, and Freud. The theme of Judaism's tragic destiny winds through his thinking, in particular as he muses about whether Jewish scripture and the Talmud are the Jew's true homeland, the parallels between the "last supper" of Socrates and the Last Supper of Jesus, and the necessity for Christians to hold themselves accountable for their invective and impotence during the Holocaust.

Tender Accents of Sound: Spanish in the Chicano Novel in English

Abstract: Tender Accents of Sound: Spanish in the Chicano Novel in English. Ernst Rudin. Tempe: Bilingual Press/Editorial Bilingue, 1996. xiii + 285 pages. $20.00. The analysis of bilingual strategies is nothing new to Chicano/a social and literary studies. After all, language constructs personal, social, and literary identity, so the studies of Chicano/a poetry and theater inevitably examine code-switching between English and Spanish as an interlingual literary technique that registers the liminal social position of Chicano/a identity between Anglo and Mexican culture. However, despite the linguistic richness of Chicano/a literary production, Ernst Rudin is correct in asserting that "neither in the field of the Chicano novel nor in the more spectacularly bilingual ones of poetry and theater has there been a book-length analysis on the subject to date." Rudin's project, then, is quite unique and also quite daunting: he examines the use of Spanish in nineteen Chicano/a prose narratives written in English and concludes, among other things, that "[t]he Chicano novels published between the late sixties and the mid-eighties offsprings of the Chicano movement, ... and often marked as `revolutionary literature,' are--on the level of language--very reluctant to use experimental techniques and to be subversive." In the first of his three-part study, Rudin judiciously clarifies his project: he is not analyzing bilingual texts--texts written in both English and Spanish. Rather, he embarks to examine the "bilingual strategies" of Chicano/a narratives in English written between 1967 and 1985 to show that they "are, generally speaking, as `monolingual' or `bilingual' as Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls." Except for The House on Mango Street and Victuum, the literary corpus Rudin examines are by men, and Richard Rodriguez's Hunger of Memory, from which Rudin's study takes it title, seems to be the master narrative informing Rudin's reading of other Chicano/a narratives, since the structuring theme of his text selection is the assimilation of the Chicano (author-narrator-) protagonists [who] cease at the end of the text to belong to the world, the society, and the value system that surrounded them at its beginning, and try reconstruct their former cultural self for an Anglo American audience whose culture has now become theirs. Along these lines, the first section culminates with Rudin's lucid discussion of the levels of linguistic and cultural translation in Chicano texts, which he demonstrates with an effective analysis of Rolando Hinojosa's English translation of his own Spanish narrative Estampas del valle y otras obras. Unfortunately, parts two and three of the study only show glimpses of the detailed literary analysis with which the first part concludes. Generally concerned with the types of Spanish-language entries in Chicano/a texts, the second part does not offer significant textual analysis until it specifically examines the works of Estela Portillo Trambley, Alma Luz Villanueva, Mary Helen Ponce, and Ana Castillo, all of whom are not included in the primary corpus of the study. And the final section offers a series of lists categorizing the number of times specific words or phrases appear in a text. Granted, Rudin implores that the "statistics tables have to be taken with a grain of salt," but the section highlights the study's tendency to point out Spanish-language entries without fully developing an analysis of how and why they function as competing forms of social discourses. …

Character in Crisis: A Fresh Approach to the Wisdom Literature of the Old Testament

Abstract: This study demonstrates that the aim of the Bible's wisdom literature is the formation of the moral character of both individuals and the believing community. Brown traces the theme of moral identity and conduct throughout the Old Testament,

Dangerous Freedom: Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison's Novels

Abstract: The novels of Toni Morrison depict a disjointed culture striving to coalesce in a racialized society. No other contemporary writer conveys this "double consciousness" of African American life so faithfully. As her characters struggle to negotiate meaningful roles and identities, and as they confront the inescapable issue of division, her novels are permeated with motifs of fragmentation. This divided entity is a theme repeated throughout Morrison's fiction. Operating on many levels, this plurality-in-unity affects narrators, chronologies, individuals, couples, families, neighborhoods, races. Philip Page's critical interpretation of Morrison's first six novels Sula, Song of Solomon, The Bluest Eye, Beloved, Jazz, and Tar Baby places her fiction in the forefront of American culture, African American culture and contemporary thought. Her fiction has the power to expand the souls of all readers by taking them into the recesses of other souls-in-process, by requiring them to work the traumas and dilemmas those other souls endure, and by challenging them to know, accept, and keep open their own dangerous freedom.

The Good Book: Reading the Bible With Mind and Heart

Abstract: "The Good Book" is a brilliant and inspiring look at the Bible today from the preacher to Harvard University, a man Time magazine called one of the seven best preachers in America. "The theme of this book, " writes Peter Gomes in his introduction, "is the risk and the joy of the Bible: risk in that we might get it wrong, and joy in the discovery of the living Word becoming flesh. It is around this theme that I formulate three basic questions which the thoughtful reader brings to the Bible: What is it? How is it used? What does it have to say to me?" With compassion, humor, and insight, Gomes gives us the tools we need to make the Bible a dynamic part of our daily lives - and reminds us that the Bible is not just doctrine and interpretation, but one of the most available and extraordinary means by which we are brought into proximity with the divine.

The anatomy of memory : an anthology

Abstract: As we appproach the end of the millennium, it often seems that we are losing a spiritual awareness of who and what we are, either as individuals or societies. In such circumstances, argues James McConkey, memory becomes increasingly important as the source of whatever unitary aspirations we have. Memory is responsible for our identity, it is the faculty whereby we perceive connections between past and present, thus enabling us to make sense of our surroundings, and it underlies our creative achievements. This book explores all dimensions of the role of memory in human life and experience. Tracing this theme from St Augustine to the present, through essays and excerpts from the literature of relevant fields, the anthology includes sections on "The Nature of Memory", "The Memory of Nature", "Memory and Creativity", "Memory, Culture and Identity", "Perspectives of Memory" and "Beyond Memory". Pieces by Henry Thoreau, Carl Jung, William Wordsworth, Primo Levi, Anton Chekhov, Maya Angelou and Toni Morrison, enlighten the reader both to the nature of memory and the values it can provide us with.

"Mastering uncertainty:" mothering the child with asthma.

Abstract: PURPOSE To describe the meaning childhood asthma has for mothers of afflicted children. METHOD The qualitative method, ethnography, was used in this study. Participant observation and indepth interviewing took place in the homes of the participants. Using a method adapted from Spradley (1979), the analysis included uncovering domains, taxonomies, components of meaning, and finally cultural themes. FINDINGS The overall theme that emerged was "mastering uncertainty." The mothers expressed their experiences in terms of self by describing "internal self" and "actions" during a "passage of time." CONCLUSIONS These themes can assist nurses and other health care professionals in understanding the meaning of childhood asthma to mothers.

After Beethoven: The Imperative of Originality in the Symphony

Abstract: Beethoven cast a looming shadow over the 19th century. For composers he was a model both to emulate and to overcome. "You have no idea how it feels", Brahms confided, "when one always hears such a giant marching behind one". Exploring the response of five composers - Berlioz, Mendelssohn, Schumann, Brahms and Mahler - to what each clearly saw as the challenge of Beethoven's symphonies, Evan Bonds enhances our understanding of the evolution of the symphony and Beethoven's legacy. Overt borrowings from Beethoven - for example, the lyrical theme in the Finale of Brahms' First Symphony, so like the "Ode to Joy" theme in Beethoven's Ninth - have often been the subject of criticism. Bonds now shows us how composers imitate or allude to a Beethoven theme of compositional strategy precisely in order to turn away from it, creating a new musical solution. Berlioz's "Harold en Italie", Mendelssohn's "Lobgesang", Schumann's Fourth Symphony, Brahms' First and Mahler's Fourth serve as illuminating examples. Discussion focuses on such core issues as Beethoven's innovations in formal design, the role of text and voice, fusion of diverse genres, cyclical coherence of movements, and the function of the symphonic finale. Bonds argues that the great symphonists of the 19th century cleared creative space for themselves by both confronting and deviating from the practices of their potentially overpowering precursor.

World opinion and the empire of circumstance

Abstract: John Vincent and his work embodied the concept that ideas and history are Siamese twins: not simply because his books were in part histories of ideas (he traced the origins of the conceptions of both non-intervention and human rights with meticulous skill'), but also because he saw ideas as potentially moving forces in history, and at the least as reflections of, or ways of, crystallizing the central preoccupations of an age. Ideas and 'events' are always in a relationship of dynamic interaction; indeed, to a degree, ideas constitute events. If the very first sentence of Vincent's major book on non-intervention says that'Intervention is a word used to describe an event, something which happens in international relations: it is not just an idea which crops up in speculation about them,' a few lines later he is adding:'The fact that the same word is used to describe [such] diverse phenomena turns the focus of attention from intervention as an event to intervention as a concept, in order to decide what it is that is common to each case.'2 Ultimately,Vincent was fascinated by the way in which ideas were coloured differently according to the historical contexts in which they cropped up, and he was sensitive to the dangers of anachronism. For these reasons I like to think thatJohnVincent would have been interested in the theme of this article, and of the lecture on which it is based: world opinion. Both are a tribute to his memory and provide me with a personal thread back to the many discussions and disputes we enjoyed from the time we

Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment

Abstract: The goals of INTRODUCTORY BOTANY: PLANTS, PEOPLE, AND THE ENVIRONMENT are to share with beginning botany students an appreciation of the diverse organisms we call plants and to help students understand how scientists think, how they approach and solve problems, and how they obtain scientific knowledge about our world. The overall theme of this text is the role of plants in the biosphere - and in keeping with that theme, related environmental issues are integrated into each chapter. The environmental emphasis, which is unique among introductory botany texts, provides students with relevancy and kindles their interest in plants. A second theme, botany as a scientific process, is also stressed throughout.

Colonial Queensland: Perspectives on a Frontier Society

Abstract: PREFACE This is an account of Queensland history which covers issues of colonialism and "postcolonialism", Australian S/studies, contact history, environmental history, political economy, social structure and social relations. It is written from what I, and Bob Connell,' have described as a "semi-colonial" perspective - a position I expand upon in the first chapter. The connections between all these elements can be subsumed within the field of "historical sociology" but a more accurate designation is that it is a type of social history linked to environmental materialism. Again 1 discuss this aspect — what I call the "social material"-- in chapter one. A significant part of this book is based on my Ph.D. thesis which was completed in the mid-1980s but has been rewritten a number of times in acknowledgement of more recent intellectual developments here and overseas - notably contact history, Aboriginal history, Australian Studies (as defined by Stephen Alomes), "postcolonial" writings, and the "postmodern tum" in various cultural constructions, including history. The opening chapter, for example, is entirely new. But, notwithstanding the significance of "postcolonial" writings, and the "postmodernist" atmosphere which pervades much cultural production in the West and elsewhere today, I remain unconvinced that such approaches offer superior alternatives in understanding colonialism (in Queensland or elsewhere) than those derived from certain Marxist and neo-Marxist theorists of colonialism, dependency and underdevelopment. At the same time, from a "semicolonial" perspective, one must make attempts to generate concepts and theories drawn from specific, historical, and local situations. I discuss some of these themes in both the first and final chapters but further hints will be found elsewhere in the book. The period covered here is mainly that from the beginnings of pastoral capitalism in 1840, to around 1900, although I glance at the convict era prior to this, and continue discussion of certain matters beyond 1900. The time frame adopted is largely a matter of convenience and manageability, than any firm commitment to principles of chronology and narratively. For one thing, it is difficult, and probably arbitrary, to draw a firm, temporal boundary around something like a "colonial" phase of history -- notoriously so in an ambiguous political and economic social formation like the place under investigation. Secondly, it is highly doubtful whether Queensland's Aboriginal people have yet emerged from colonialism. What seems clear enough, and is reflected in the present study, is that the appearance of large-scale private pastoral enterprise, based on the world market, signalled a sharp accentuation of the colonisation process begum by the state in the formal convict era 1824-1842, setting in train a series of colonising imperatives on a more thoroughgoing scale than before. Later, when Queensland joined the federal Commonwealth in 1901 and formally ceased to be a political colony, it did not cease being "colonial". While conceived as a study in its own right, this account should also be viewed as a complementary study to another, more wide-ranging project in preparation on the social history of Queensland called Relations of Power: Class, Race and Gender in Queensland History, co-authored by Raymond Evans and myself. While Colonial Queensland concentrates mainly on contact history, political economy, environmental history and social structure. Relations of Power will deal more comprehensively with gender relations, masculinity, social and ideological conflict, ethnicity, race and class relations. Relations of Power will also include the first major reinterpretation of the convict era, drawing on hitherto neglected archival sources. This is not to say such questions are absent from this book but they will receive more comprehensive treatment in future studies. In chapter two, I set out some events and processes which chart the dispossession of Aboriginal people from their "country" and their subsequent colonisation, especially in terms of the kind of labour they did for their new, colonial rulers. The story of dispossession, not only for Queensland, but for other parts of Australia, has been told plenty of rimes, and Aboriginal people themselves are increasingly adding their voices to the retelling. But rather less has been published about the nature and significance of their employment. And even fewer have analysed "Aboriginal labour" conceptually. My contribution the nature and significance of their employment. And even fewer have analysed "Aboriginal labour" conceptually. My contribution suggests that colonised labour, as 1 define it, accords with empirical reality rather better than other typifications. I also review certain non- Aboriginal accounts of contact history. The third chapter explores the ways in which colonials handled the natural-material world. It adds to that growing volume of work on "environmental history" sparked by Geoffrey Bolton's Spoils and Spoilers (1981) and William J. Lines' Taming the Great South Land (1991). Colonisation, especially in regions like Queensland, meant the appropriation of the natural-material world in some form, because so many products and commodities derived from flora and fauna, either in their intrinsic form like indigenous forests, minerals, native animals etc., or in human modified form as domesticated plants and animals. This chapter not only explores the processes whereby production for consumption relies on the exploitation of fauna and flora but also the masculinity of over zealous hunters and sportsmen who killed species to extinction, or near-extinction. This chapter also presents perhaps the most comprehensive overview of the colonial political economy, at least empirically, from the convict era to Federation. Chapter four explores in detail the shape of the social structure and its major determining features, particularly class, but also race and gender, to develop a social typology which incorporates most groups, including women and Aborigines. I also present the most detailed analysis of social conditions, especially wage rates, yet published in Queensland historiography, and possibly in Australia, for the colonial period. As such, it challenges the "long boom" scenario developed by most economic historians of Australia. An important theme here is what one could call a critical historical anthropology of Queensland's ruling families, as distinct from traditional anthropology whose gaze at the "Other" (i.e. Aborigines in the Australian case) is gradually giving ground. But this "critical historical anthropology" is merely another way of examining social relations from a Marxist or "radical sociology" perspective, exemplified in the work of authors like G. William Domhoff. While limited, such a perspective at least provides some purchase on hierarchical power relationships. The last chapter draws together the major themes of this book but also takes up certain issues - notably the debate about "Queensland's difference" -- which were implied in previous chapters and which required further elaboration. A good deal of this discussion comprises a debate with certain Australian and Queensland based writers - Donald Denoon, Ehrensaft and Armstrong, Alexander, Nicholas and Walter. In addition, I suggest that Queensland's "difference" or "Queensland Nationalism" (to use Glen Lewis' term) is actually a form of Australian "sectionalism", akin to the phenomenon Bruce Collins described for the Ante-bellum South in the United States. I also put forward some items for future research agendas -- in particular issues of gender, masculinity, embodiment and the state - - as a prolegomenon) to Relations of Power. Finally, I am aware that this book owes a great deal to what Yushio Sugimoto called "cerebral commodities”, that is the most recent, and in some cases not so recent, theoretical ideas borrowed from somewhere else. This is the continuing dilemma for the non- Aboriginal intellectual in a semi-colony like Australia. On the one hand, as colonisers, we suppressed, or attempted to profoundly alter, the cultures of the indigenes, who struggled to maintain such cultures as a means of identity and survival. In any case, it has only been in very recent times, and certainly not universally, that non-Aboriginal Australians have begun to appreciate some of the values and ideas Aboriginal people have to offer. On the other hand, in a country still suspicious of its intellectuals, a pragmatic strategy, perhaps, is to live vicariously on the intellectual capital of the major intellectual capitalist powers. At the same time, I have tried to develop some ideas and concepts from the semi-colonial end of things which are both "local" and "global", and which derive from the imported "cerebral commodities", refracted through other writings and evidence about the particular places, people and periods under study. The result is more a critique of some existing theories than any fully worked out models or alternative interpretations. Hopefully it will encourage further theorising and reflection about "Queensland" and "history". One major message, however, is that all world historical theories are ultimately "local" in origin, if finally comparative and sometimes universal when developed.

GOING-WITH The Role of a Social Form in Early Romance

Abstract: Romance is an especially rich and complex theme in American culture. This article explores how a particular social form, going-with, shapes the experiences of early adolescents as they begin their ...

Rhetorical uses of theme in newspaper editorials

Abstract: In this paper we look at some ways in which thematization can be used to control hortatory rhetoric. Varying the complexity of thematic structure, for instance, can produce minimalistic, informal text or an academic formal style, reminiscent of Bernstein's restricted and elaborated codes, respectively. More or less discourse participant themes can create an impression of outspokenness or impartiality and marked themes may be a measure of hortatory content in general. We examine how different choices of thematic progression as text organizers can produce different effects. Constant progression, for example, may suit the demagogue, while derived progression is calculated to appeal to a more intellectual audience. Then we find correlations with the problem-solution patterns: different theme types may signal the various sections, and opponents or friends may be attacked or supported by thematizing them within problem or solution sections. Lastly, we draw pedagogical implications from the study.

Nineteenth-Century Literary Realism: Through the Looking Glass

Abstract: Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Real realism 2. Talking about things 3. Domestic violence 4. The inhuman 5. Bronte's variations on a theme by Sade 6. A tropology of realism in Hard Times 7. 'Zenobia in chains' 8. Dreams of sleep Notes Index.

Vision Machines: Cinema, Literature and Sexuality in Spain and Cuba, 1983-93

Abstract: Over the last decade, visibility and sexuality have become a major theme in Spanish and Cuban cinema, literature and art. This book explores this development in the light of contemporary history and recent theoretical accounts of sight by writers, including Paul Virilio, Gianni Vattimo and Teresa de Lauretis. The very visible women of Almodovar's cinema, from the early "Dark Habits" to the recent "Kika", are the author's first subject. His second test site is Cuba where, in films such as Almendros's "Improper Conduct" and Alea's "Strawberry and Chocolate", homosexual desire and its conflicts are at last beginning to be explored. Smith then returns to Spain to consider the response of artists and intellectuals to the public invisibility of the AIDS epidemic in a country with one of the highest rates of HIV transmission in the European Union, and to examine the first signs of a challenge to other hitherto taboo subjects, notably Basque nationalism and female sexuality. This wide-ranging study is united by three themes: lesbian, gay and straight sexuality; nationality; and visibility itself as both a pleasure and a problem at the heart of Spanish-language cultural production. Paul Julian Smith is the author of "The Body Hispanic", "Laws of Desire", "?Entiendes?: Queer Readings/Hispanic Texts" (with Emilie Bergmann) and "Desire Unlimited: The Cinema of Pedro Almodovar".

Geography for Educators: Standards, Themes, and Concepts

Abstract: 1. The Field of Geography. 2. Geography in the Schools. 3. The Theme of Location. 4. Introduction to the Theme of Place. 5. The Theme of Place: Physical Systems I. 6. The Theme of Place: Physical Systems II. 7. The Theme of Place: Cultural Systems. 8. The Theme of Place: Economic Systems. 9. The Theme of Place: Urban Systems. 10. The Theme of Human-Environment Interaction. 11. The Theme of Movement. 12. The Theme of Regions. 13. Geography in Action: Applying Geography Standards, Themes, and Concepts. Epilogue. Glossary. Index.

The limits of global strategy

Abstract: Since Theodore Levitt's seminal article was published in 1983, globalization has become a dominant theme of international strategy. The popularity of the concept has led to overuse and misuse, so that companies may speak of “global” strategy when they actually mean “international” and are speaking in a general sense of anything connected with doing business outside the domestic market.

Froebel e a concepção de jogo infantil

Abstract: Games that are oriented by teachers and called froebelian’s activities and skills predominate on the kindergarten’s practice. However, the most relevant contribution of the author about the child’s symbolism doesn’t seem to be valorized. The contradictory ideas of the child’s play adopted by froebelians kindergartens makes the author investigates conceptions about the theme on principal books of Froebel like The education of Man, The Mottoes and Commentaries of Mother-Play, The Songs and Music of the Mother-Play, The Pedagogics of the Kindergarten and others of Susan Blow like Symbolic Education and Letter to a Mother.

The Accidental Tourist on Page and on Screen: Interrogating Normative Theories about Film Adaptation

Abstract: The issue of adaptation has long been a salient one among film critics for quite practical reasons, as Dudley Andrew has observed: The making of a film out of an earlier text is virtually as old as the machinery of cinema itself. Well over half of all commercial films have come from literary originals, though by no means all of these originals are revered or respected. (10) While a diverse range of literary genres has spawned film adaptations, the novel has been by far the most popular written source throughout the history of the cinema. Morris Beja estimates that in the typical year, about 30 percent of American movies are based on novels. And among the films that have won either the Academy Award or the New York Film Critics Award for "Best Picture" since 1935, the largest proportion have been film adaptations of novels (Beja 78). In light of the important role novels have played in service to filmmaking, then, it is not surprising that, when faced with the prospect of evaluating a film based on a novel, critics often ground their judgments in assessments of the effectiveness of the adaptation. Yet, it is not uncommon to find contradictory evaluations of the same film, with one critic judging the adaptation successful while another deems it a failure. Some might argue that such disagreement simply illustrates the utter subjectivity of criticism; however, I contend that these differences in judgment stem from the critics' adoption of differing paradigms for evaluating the film adaptation. In this essay, I examine four prominent paradigms concerning film adaptation that are at work in contemporary academic criticism, and I explore the limits and possibilities of discourse that each paradigm permits, using the film adaptation of Anne Tyler's novel The Accidental Tourist to illustrate. It is not my purpose to conclude that one particular paradigm is necessarily best, for such a judgment would ignore a complexity of factors that mitigate in the individual case, including the linguistic qualities of the specific novel and the socio-historical circumstances of the film's creation. Rather, this essay is an attempt to re-configure the critical discourse about film adaptation, by pointing to the assumptions behind the critic's adoption of a particular paradigm and the constraints upon critical commentary that result from that decision. Four Critical Paradigms of Film Adaptation . The first and perhaps oldest paradigm applied by critics in their evaluations of film adaptations might be called the "translation" paradigm. A critic adopting this perspective judges the film's effectiveness primarily in terms of its "fidelity" to the novel, particularly with regard to narrative elements, such as character, setting, and theme. Dudley Andrew refers to this as the film remaining faithful to the "letter" of the text (12). Michael Klein and Gillian Parker have argued that this criterion is a viable basis for evaluation, even though, as countless theorists have noted, omissions from the novel are inevitable in the film adaptation: There has to be a good deal of selection and condensation when a novel... is transposed into a film of roughly two hours: scenes have to be cut, minor characters simplified or eliminated, subplots dispensed with. But this need not exclude fidelity to the main thrust of the narrative, to the author's central concerns, to the natures of the major characters, to the ambiance of the novel, and, what is perhaps most important, to the genre of the source. (9) The criterion of fidelity is often articulated explicitly in critics' evaluations of film adaptations. For example, Constance Spiedel judged the film Terms of Endearment, directed by James L. Brooks, a poor adaptation because the film significantly changes one of the novel's primary characters: James L. Brooks has proved once again that a successful film does not need to be a faithful adaptation, but Terms of Endearment raises the question, why bother to adapt? …

Resiliência uma discussão introdutória

Abstract: This articie proposes an introductory reading of the issue of resilience, presenting and discussing this concept through bibliographical research and the personal experience the authors had when they participated in a multicentrical research on resilience. The conciusion poh^lts to the relevance ofthe theme and to its operativity, suggesting, however, the need to deepen the theorethical questions raised by this concept.

Thought is action

Abstract: It is difficult to chart “normal movements” in atypical populations, such as those with Parkinson's disease, because there is great variability in the pattern of motor changes, both within and between patients. However, the potential clinical implications of Latash & Anson's theme are positive and powerful.

La formacion del profesorado de enseñanza secundaria y la educacion cts. una cuestion problematica

Abstract: The Science/Technology/Society (STS) approaches are beginning to guide the science and technology teaching in the Secondary Education. After clarifying several meanings of STS, in this paper we argue about the teachers interest on the STS education and, likewise, we analyze various of the main difficulties that they have to incorporate it to the teaching. Finally, an initial ("pre-service") and permanent ("in-service") teacher training, which connect with their epistemological beliefs and attitudes toward the STS theme, with the education goals and with the classroom practice, is reclaimed.

Grapes in the Desert: Metaphors, Models and Themes in Hosea 4-14

Abstract: This study explores the textual world of Hosea 4-14. To this end it uses a melhod informed by modern metaphor theory. At the outset, the hypothesis that chapters 4-14 in the book of Hosea constitute a coherent literary composition is submitted. The perspectival theory advanced by Eva F. Kittay is selected as a theoretical basis for the analysis. This theory is iupplemented by mslghts derived from some related metaphor theories. The contours of a new exegetical approach, metaphorical criticism, are outlined. The main part of the study consists of textual analysis of Hosea 4-14. Each metaphor and simile is analysed: Its contextual function is as- sessed, and important intratextual and intertextual connections are registered. In the next step, the text is scanned for traces of influential models. Finally, the multiple functions served by prominent themes are studied. In the concluding part, the results from the analysis are systematized in a number of dif- ferent ways. It is shown that the representations of the people (Ephraim/Israel) are characterized by two specific modes, namely personification and victimization. In an attempt to uncover irn- portant ideological dimensions, the relational models which underlie the text's metaphors are compared to each other: the monarchial, the judicial, the covenantal, the parental, and the agri- cultural model. The impact of these models on the polemical passages in the text is critically examined. It is argued that "God is king" functions as a root metaphor within the discourse. In the concluding vision in 14:2-9, however, there occurs a "paradigm shift" fiom hierarchy to reciprocity. In addition, a number of themes are identified. These themes are shown to create coherence as well as dynamics throughout the discourse. Some prominent themes are chosen as points of departure for metaphorical readings of the entire composition. The conspicuous use of "reversals" is discussed. The study is concluded by some attempts to uncovcr srructural pat- terns m the textual world of Hosea 4-14. These essays discuss fertility/sterility as a basic code, the sacrificial system as a matrix for the metaphors in the text, and various tr;unsformations of the mythological "disappearing deity" pattern. (Less)

A Son's Return: Selected Essays of Sterling A. Brown

Abstract: A Son's Return: Selected Essays of Sterling A. Brown. Ed. Mark A. Sanders. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996. xxii + 314 pp. $15.95 paper. In the Foreword to this collection of essays, Mark Sanders offers a basic introduction to the life and work of Sterling Brown, from his insistence on claiming a part in a "New Negro Movement" rather than a "Harlem Renaissance" to his part in the 1938-40 Gunnar Myrdal study of the Negro in America. Brown's consuming interest in African American music and dialect, Sanders writes, was directed toward correcting the "middle-class exclusivity" of the Movement and introducing "a new and vital self-awareness" into the study of African American life and literature. Sanders ends his Foreword to this collection by naming Sterling Brown a "raconteur taken with the near-limitless possibilities language offers," an apt appraisal of the man who is now being called the "Dean of American Negro Poets." The title essay, "A Son's Return," proves Sanders's point well. It is the text of a speech delivered at Williams College in 1973 when Brown was teaching at Howard. In his "rambling" to the audience at Williams, he likens himself to both Euro- and African-American writers and offer no quarter even to scholars whom he respects or to Williams, the college where he earned his undergraduate degree: I am the best liar at Howard University, in the Mark Twain tradition. I can outlie Ralph Bunche, who was a great liar ... J. Saunders Redding stated that one quality of Negro folklore was that they had no dirty stories except in the dirty dozens. And I want to know what fraternity houses J. Saunders Redding did not go into. In the same speech, Brown speaks of the racial segregation during his time at Williams, but he laughs--in the best of the Mark Twain tradition. Although he credits the college with teaching him how to read and to write, at least someone in the audience must have wondered whether this controversial critic and poet was praising or blaming his school. Later in the same speech, he contends: "My standards are not white. My standards are not black. My standards are human." Throughout these essays, Brown insists that art should be judged on its quality, not its genesis in one or another race or culture, but that the culture from which each artist springs must be acknowledged as the wellhead of creativity. Brown lived--and wrote--by what he believed. The essays following "A Son's Return" are grouped by general topic: "African Americans and American Politics"; "American Literature"; "African American Music and Folk Culture"; and "Reviews." Many of the major essays are included: "Negro Character as Seen by White Authors" (1933); "The American Race Problem as Reflected in American Literature" (1939); "Count Us In" (1945); "The New Negro in Literature (1925-1955)" (1955). The four essays on music and folk culture are knowledgeable, balanced, seminal works on the value of folk art and the dangers of ideological partisanship. In his discussion of the origin of spirituals, Brown warns again that we must consider any cultural product as it stands and not as we would have it for political purposes: "Extremists have set up the controversy as between Africanism, or complete originality, and white camp-meeting derivation, or complete unoriginality. This oversimplication does injustice to the careful scholarship of some of the men on both sides." Throughout the essays, he returns to the same theme: We all take from and give to American culture; we are all, then, equal in fact if not yet in public recognition or political power. This collection of essays would make an excellent companion volume for an undergraduate course in twentieth-century American literature. Brown read widely; he spoke plainly; and he knew great literature, whatever its source. Many of the works he thought excellent have been nearly forgotten; but he valued them only if they combined "integrity and artistry," as he wrote of Evelyn Scott's The Wave. …

The displaced self : the interplay of the fictional and the autobiographical in the prose of Elias Canetti, Thomas Bernhard and Peter Weiss

Abstract: This thesis examines the issue of self-representation in recent German language literature. In order to trace the ways in which the cultural and linguistic displacement that are inescapable features of twentieth century European history are reflected and paralleled in literary constructions of identity, it focuses on the interplay between the autobiographical and the fictional, examining a range of texts within each writer's oeuvre. Thus a writer's autobiographical texts are read in the context of their fiction in an attempt to identify the problems of translating lived experience into literary discourse. The introduction offers a brief survey of the theory of autobiography in order to suggest the problems involved in classifying this notoriously hybrid genre, particularly in its modem literary forms. Then the writing of Elias Canetti, whose "Lebensgeschichte" appears to be so traditional at first sight, is examined and his emblematic "Verwandlung" metaphor is related to his plural notion of identity and his experience of displacement and exile. In the second chapter, Thomas Bernhard's central autobiographical narratives are examined in the light of his more fictional countertexts. In addition, the suggestion is made that the dialectic of assertion and withdrawal, represented by his recurrent notion of "Gleichgultigkeit", occupies a central place in his highly idiosyncratic prose. Then the recurrent theme of "Leere" is followed through the prose of Peter Weiss. This is related to his autobiographical narratives' quest for "Selbstfindung", which dominates even the ideologically-motivated revisions of Die asthetik des Widerstands. Finally, the conclusion uses Christa Wolf's Kindheitsmuster and Was bleibt as paradigmatic autobiographical fictions with which to illuminate the other texts and compares the overlapping metaphors the writers examined have created to represent the displacement of the subject.