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Showing papers on "Theobromine published in 1978"


Journal Article
TL;DR: Caffeine and theobromine induced testicular injury in nearly all rats and possible sites and mechanisms of actions of the methylxanthines in the induction of testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis are discussed.
Abstract: Experiments were designed to determine the effects of feeding the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline to 4- to 6-week-old male rats at a dietary level of 0.5 percent for periods ranging from 14 to 75 weeks. In the first two experiments, Osborne-Mendel rats were fed the test substances alone or in combination with sodium nitrite to test the hypothesis that these amines might nitrosate in vivo to produce toxic nitrosamine compounds. The compounds failed to produce neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions, but a significant positive finding was the occurrence of severe bilateral testicular atrophy with aspermatogenesis or oligospermatogenesis in 85-100 percent of the rats fed caffeine or theobromine. In a third experiment the methylxanthines were fed to Holtzman rats for 19 weeks to determine whether testicular atrophy would be induced in a second strain of rat. The testicular effects were similar to those in Experiments I and II but were more pronounced. Caffeine and theobromine induced testicular injury in nearly all rats. Theophylline induced severe testicular atrophy in 14 percent of the rats, mild to moderate atrophy in 71 percent, and had no effect in 15 percent. The relative testicular toxicity of the methylxanthines was caffeine, most potent; theobromine, slightly less potent; and theophylline, considerably less potent. Somewhat variable atrophic changes of the accessory sexual organs (epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles) accompanied the testicular changes. Cytogenetic analysis of testes from caffeine- or theophylline-treated rats revealed a significantly reduced number of mitotic cells in the caffeine-treated group. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in the theobromine group and somewhat elevated in the caffeine-treated group; this correlated morphologically with an apparent hyperplasia of interstitial cells in severely atrophied testes in these groups. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased in the caffeine and theobromine groups. Possible sites and mechanisms of actions of the methylxanthines in the induction of testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis are discussed.

72 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, boiling water extracts were cooled, centrifuged, and injected into a high-pressure liquid chromatograph to find the total alkaloid content among varieties.
Abstract: Boiling water extracts were cooled, centrifuged and injected into a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. Total alkaloid content among varieties ranged from 24-50 mg/g defatted cocoa with an average of 37 mg for 10 samples. Theobromine's share of the total ranged from 52-99%, averaging 87%. Among samples, Criollo had the lowest concentration of total alkaloids, but its caffeine content was highest. Alkaloid accumulation in seeds was greatest near the terminal stage of pod growth, and this extended into the ripening phase. One-fourth of the alkaloid content of cotyledons was lost during fermentation through migration into the testa and pulp sweatings.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A method was developed for determining theobromine and caeffine in cocoa and chocolate products by high pressure liquid chromatography by using a reverse phase C18 column and a mobile phase of methanol-water-acetic acid.
Abstract: A method was developed for determining theobromine and caeffine in cocoa and chocolate products by high pressure liquid chromatography. After a simple hot water extraction, both theobromine and caffeine were separated by using a reverse phase C18 column and a mobile phase of methanol-water-acetic acid (20 + 79 + 1). Theobromine and caffeine were quantitated at 280 nm; average recoveries were 98.7 and 95.0%; and coefficients of variation were 2.31 and 3.91%, respectively.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the excited photoelectron spectra of xanthine, theophylline and theobromine were assigned using CNDO calculations and comparison arguments to some related molecules.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Theobromine (0, 2, 4, and 8 mg/ml) had little effect on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 in a glucose-mineral salts-yeast extract medium, indicating that the anti-aflatoxigenic activity of cocoa beans is not due to the presence of this methylxanthine as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Theobromine (0, 2, 4, and 8 mg/ml) had little effect on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 in a glucose-mineral salts-yeast extract medium, indicating that the anti-aflatoxigenic activity of cocoa beans is not due to the presence of this methylxanthine.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence obtained from a study of pulse rates, blood glucose, creatine phosphokinase and triiodothyronine values suggests that theobromine exerts similar pharmacokinetic effects in horses as in laboratory animal species and in man.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As with other spectrophotometric theophylline assays, theobromine and, to a slight extent, phenobarbital interfere with theophyLLine determinations.
Abstract: A spectrophotometric assay procedure is described for individually measuring theophylline-7-acetic acid and theophylline in 2.0 ml of serum. Absorbance is a linear function of concentration over a range of 0.5-40 mg/liter for theophylline-7-acetic acid and 0.5-40 mg/liter for theophylline. No endogenous or exogenous compounds were found that interfere with theophylline-7-acetic acid determinations. As with other spectrophotometric theophylline assays, theobromine and, to a slight extent, phenobarbital interfere with theophylline determinations.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Chromatography in a thin layer of a polyamide deposited on a support stable towards solvents, i.e., polyethylene terephthalate film, is successfully used in the analytical chemistry of proteins as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Chromatography in a thin layer of a polyamide deposited on a support stable towards solvents, i.e., polyethylene terephthalate film, is successfully used in the analytical chemistry of proteins. The dinitrophenylation reaction [i], the dansylation reaction [2-4], and the formation of phenylthiohydantoins [5] of peptides and proteins, followed by acid hydrolysis, are widely used for the determination of the N-terminal amino acids. Thin-layer chromatography on a polyamide is used for the separation and identification of the corresponding derivatives of amino acids.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a polystyrenesulfonic acid resin in the hydrogen form is used for chromatographic separation of adenine, caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, tannic acid, xanthine and tea components with aqueous ethanol as eluent.
Abstract: A polystyrenesulfonic acid resin in the hydrogen form is a useful stationary phase for chromatographic separation of adenine, caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, tannic acid, xanthine and tea components with aqueous ethanol as eluent. The results indicated that caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, adenine, xanthine and tannic acid could be separated on a column of Dowex-50W-X8(H)+ by elution with 25% ethanol as eluent.