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Showing papers on "Theobromine published in 1981"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the enzyme systems responsible for the C‐8 oxidation of theophylline are relatively active in premature infants and that the development of the enzyme Systems responsible for oxidative demethylation of thephylline lags behind.
Abstract: The theophylline metabolite pattern in premature infants was studied with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The identities of metabolites were established by retention time indices and mass chromatograms. In the steady state of a multiple-dose regimen, the urinary metabolites of theophylline identified and quantified were caffeine (9.6 plus or minus 4.8%), theophylline (50.4 plus or minus 6.7%), 3-methylxanthine (1.3 plus or minus 0.7%), 1,3-dimethyluric acid (27.7% plus or minus 8.8%), and 1-methyluric acid (9.3 plus or minus 5.4%). Those in plasma were caffeine (21.4 plus or minus 6.1%), theophylline (73.6 plus or minus 6.5%), 3-methylxanthine (0.7 plus or minus 0.4%), 1,3-dimethyluric acid (2.6 plus or minus 1.2%), and 1-methyluric acid (0.6 plus or minus 0.3%). Occasionally, theobromine, the metabolic breakdown product of caffeine, was found in urine and plasma in small quantities. The demethylation pathway occurring predominantly in adults was substituted by N-methylation to caffeine in premature infants; the other major metabolic pathway of theophylline in adults, C-8 oxidation to 1,3-dimethyluric acid, was slightly diminished. We concluded that the enzyme systems responsible for the C-8 oxidation of theophylline are relatively active in premature infants and that the development of the enzyme systems responsible for oxidative demethylation of theophylline lags behind. The oxidation and demethylation pathways of theophylline in premature infants are significant.

46 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the case of NCTC 8238, caffeine and theobromine caused a three- to fourfold increase in the percentages of cells possessing refractile spores and a similar increase in enterotoxin concentration; heat-resistant spore levels, however, were unaffected.
Abstract: In the presence of 100 micrograms of caffeine per ml or 200 micrograms of theobromine per ml, sporulation of Clostridium perfringens NCTC 8679 rose from less than 1 to 80 or 85% Enterotoxin concentration increased from undetectable levels to 450 micrograms/mg of cell extract protein Heat-resistant spore levels increased from less than 1,000 to between 1 X 10(7) and 2 X 10(7)/ml These effects were partially reversible by the addition of adenosine or thymidine In the case of NCTC 8238, caffeine and theobromine caused a three- to fourfold increase in the percentages of cells possessing refractile spores and a similar increase in enterotoxin concentration Heat-resistant spore levels, however, were unaffected Inosine was ineffective in promoting sporulation in NCTC 8679

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that the theobromine-induced testicular injury appears to be irreversible over time in the affected seminiferous tubules.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mean ± S.D. of the theobromine plus caffeine content (moisture free basis) was 2.85 ± 0.08% with a 90% confidence interval of 2.72-2.98% for red Dutched cocoa as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Eighteen randomly selected cocoa samples were analyzed in duplicate by HPLC for caffeine and theobromine. The relative standard deviation for the method was determined to be 1.55%. The mean ± S.D. of the theobromine plus caffeine content (moisture free basis) was 2.85 ± 0.08% with a 90% confidence interval of 2.72–2.98% for red Dutched cocoa. The total ± SD. for natural cocoas was 2.82 + 0.16% with a 90% confidence interval of 2.56–3.08%.

21 citations


Patent
21 May 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for the recovery of theobromine from an aqueous solution of cocoa material is described, which comprises contacting the solution with a substantially neutral adsorbent and separating the adsorbed, with the obromine adsored thereon.
Abstract: A process for the recovery of theobromine from an aqueous solution containing theobromine extracted from cocoa material, which comprises contacting the solution with a substantially neutral adsorbent and separating the adsorbent, with theobromine adsorbed thereon, from the aqueous solution of reduced theobromine content.

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that renal PGE mediates, at least in part, the diuretic effect of theophylline, which is associated with increased urinary excretion in male rats.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Caffeine, theophyllines, theobromine, (+) catechin, (-) epicatechin, gallic acid and theaflavin obtained from black tea inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in mice without affecting acetylcholine, histamine and serotonin induced broncho-constriction in the guinea pig.
Abstract: Caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, (+) catechin, (-) epicatechin, gallic acid and theaflavin obtained from black tea ( CAMELLIA SINENSIS) inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in mice without affecting acetylcholine, histamine and serotonin induced broncho-constriction in the guinea pig. Theophylline and theaflavin antagonise only prostaglandin F 2 alpha induced bronchoconstriction.

8 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Several hitherto untested pyrimidine analogues inhibited germination as well as RNA synthesis in Cicer arietinum seeds, and Cyclic-AMP, adenosine, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and folic acid partially reversed the inhibitory effects produced by purine pyrimidine analogues.

3 citations


Patent
16 Nov 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to obtain a theobromine derivative useful as a drug by a method with a few side reaction in high purity and high yield, by condensing theobrome or its salt with a specific ketal compound, followed by a condensation reaction.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a theobromine derivative useful as a drug by a method with a few side reaction in high purity and high yield, by condensing theobromine or its salt with a specific ketal compound, followed by a condensation reaction. CONSTITUTION:Theobromine shown by the formula I or its salt is condensed with a ketal compound shown by the formula II (n is 2-6; R is 1-3C alkyl; X is halogen, organic sulfonic acid, or acetyl) or formula III (m is 2-3). The reaction is carried out in a solvent, e.g., methanol, etc. at room temperature to 153 deg.C. The prepared reaction product is hydrolyzed under acidic conditions, and a carbonyl- protecting group is removed to give a theobromine derivative shown by the formula IV. The compounds shown by the formulas II and III are obtained by converting corresponding carbonyl group-containing compounds into ketals. The protection of the carbonyl group suppresses characteristically the side reactions during the condensation reaction.

2 citations


Patent
23 Feb 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a bis(trialkyltin)- oxide of formula I is prepared by reacting a bis-trialkyl oxide with theobromine in a solvent such as benzene, toluene, etc., ar 50-250 deg.C.
Abstract: NEW MATERIAL:A theobromine derivative of formula I (R is lower alkyl). EXAMPLE:1-(Tri-n-butylstannyl)theobromine. USE:Synthetic intermediate of N -substituted theobromine. For example, it can be easily converted to 1-(5-oxohexyl)theobromine having coronary vessel dilating and erythrocyte deformation capability improving activities. PROCESS:The compound of formula I is prepared by reacting a bis(trialkyltin)- oxide of formula II with theobromine in a solvent such as benzene, toluene, etc., ar 50-250 deg.C. The reaction is pref. carried out while removing the produced water by azeotropic distillation.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an electrochemical reduction of 1,3-dimethyl-4-amino-5-nitrosouracil (I) and 3-methyl-4amino 5-nithornine (II) intermediates in the manufacture of purine alkaloids was described.
Abstract: Reports have appeared recently [1-3] in which results have been given of the electrochemical reduction of 1,3-dimethyl-4-amino-5-nitrosouracil (I) and 3-methyl-4-amino-5-nitrosouracil (II) which are intermediates in the manufacture of theobromine and theophylline. The authors proceeded by a route repeating the operating chemical scheme for the manufacture of purine alkaloids (formylation and cyclization stages follow after the reduction stage with isolation of the intermediate formyl derivative).

Patent
16 Sep 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) was associated with one or more pyriidine and/or pyridine derivatives in the form of a complex (pef. 1:1) o a salt.
Abstract: Pharmaceutical compsns. capable of correcting deficiencies in serotonin metabolism compise 5-hydroxytryptophan(5HTP) in association with one or moe purine, pyriidine and/or pyridine deriVs. (I). Also claimed is the pepn. of an inosine-L-5HTP coplex. Specific (I) are inosine, theophylline, theobromine, allopurinol, hypoxanthine, folic acid, nicotinamide, caffeine, and orotic acid. The 5HTP ay be associated with (I) in the form of a complex (pef. 1:1) o a salt. The 5HTP may be in L, D or DL form. Co-admi. of (I) greatl inceases the proportion of 5HTP reaching the bai, so that high cerebral serotonin levels can be maintained using elatiVely low doses of 5HTP.