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Theobromine

About: Theobromine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1137 publications have been published within this topic receiving 29723 citations. The topic is also known as: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine & Theobromin.


Papers
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Patent
23 Apr 2003
TL;DR: Theobromine with anti-carcinogenic activity which inhibits the suppression of GJIC (gap junctional intercellular communication), a pathological phenomenon occurring during development of various kinds of cancers including liver cancer, as well as DNA synthesis of cancer cells thereby inhibiting proliferation of liver, gastric and colon cancer cells as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Disclosed is theobromine with an anti-carcinogenic activity which inhibits the suppression of GJIC (gap junctional intercellular communication), a pathological phenomenon occurring during development of various kinds of cancers including liver cancer, as well as DNA synthesis of cancer cells thereby inhibiting proliferation of liver, gastric and colon cancer cells.

14 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: There was evidence that propyl theobromine was more powerful in increasing the urine output than caffeine; and that the latter, in turn, was slightly more powerful than the other two products.
Abstract: A series of 1-substituted theobromine derivatives has been investigated for some of their pharmacologic actions with the following results: 1. From the median lethal doses by intravenous injection in mice, the compounds showed the following order of decreasing toxicity: allyl > ethyl > crotyl > methyl (caffeine) > propyl > butyl > iso amyl > methallyl > methoxyethyl. The median convulsive doses revealed the same order except that the butyl and iso amyl derivatives were not convulsants. 2. Caffeine, allyl theobromine, and propyl theobromine inhibited weight gain of young rats when fed for 28 days in percentages of 0.3 and 0.5 in the food. Smaller amounts did not have any effect. Allyl theobromine inhibited growth of young rats to a much greater extent than the other 2 substances. 3. Caffeine was more stimulating to motor activity of rats in spring-suspended cages than the theobromine compounds which have the same action. By the same procedure, theophylline was shown to be stronger than caffeine, but much less effective than d -amphetamine sulfate. 4. Propyl theobromine produced much greater respiratory stimulation than any other member of this series, when given to dogs deeply anesthetized with phenobarbital sodium. Compared with caffeine, nikethamide, and lobeline, the propyl derivative was more than 6 times as effective as the first 2 compounds and twice as active as lobeline. 5. In tests of diuretic action, rats showed greater urine outputs with caffeine than with 1-substituted theobromines. In dogs, the diuretic potency had the following order: propyl > ethyl > methyl (caffeine) > methallyl > butyl > allyl > methoxyethyl iso amyl. The crotyl derivative had an inhibiting effect on the urine output. 6. Allyl theobromine, propyl theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline were tested in a few human subjects in a dose of 200 mg. given orally. There was evidence that propyl theobromine was more powerful in increasing the urine output than caffeine; and that the latter, in turn, was slightly more powerful than the other two products. Untoward symptoms were observed—more with allyl and propyl theobromines.

14 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The observed cell monolayer permeability protection by theobromine may be due to its ability to inhibit the production of cytokines and MMPs that can be responsible for tight junction loss and apoptosis in intestinal cells.

14 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Variation in the volatiles, total polyphenol, theobromine and caffein was investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively for all phases of conching with GC/MS/SPME, HPLC, GC/O, and UV-visible spectrophotometry.
Abstract: Variation in the volatiles, total polyphenol, theobromine and caffein was investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively for all phases of conching with GC/MS/SPME, HPLC, GC/O, and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The volatile compounds being identified during the three phases consisted of aldehydes, ketones, pyrazines, acids, alcohols and esters. The number and concentration of these compounds were observed to be 31-25,681 ppb, 44-34,838 ppb and 44-29,809 ppb in the dry, pasty, and liquid phases respectively. The odor of dark chocolate was described as nutty, sweet, caramel, green and chocolate using olfactometry. The percent decrease in the concentration of total polyphenol, caffein and theobromine was observed to be only 3.0, 11.0, and 32.0 respectively.

13 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In conclusion, insights obtained from different experimental methods, such as organ culture or whole organism studies, are not always identical and it may be prudent to take into account that certain experimental techniques, despite providing valuable information, may require confirmation by other test methods in order to obtain an in-depth understanding of mechanisms of action involved.
Abstract: A previous study in the rat (Pollard et al. 1990) established that caffeine, when administered during pregnancy, significantly inhibited the differentiation of the seminiferous cords and subsequent Leydig cell development in the interstitium. However, that study could not distinguish between the direct effects of caffeine and/or the intermediary secondary toxic effects of metabolites such as theophylline and theobromine. Because the fetus lacks the appropriate enzyme systems, clearance of toxic substances takes place via the placenta and maternal liver. Thus, a suitable in vitro system can effectively differentiate between primary and secondary drug effects. In the present study, 13-day-old fetal testis, at the stage of incipient differentiation, were cultured for 4 days in vitro in the presence of graded doses of caffeine, theophylline or theobromine. It was found that explants exposed to caffeine or theobromine differentiated normally, developing seminiferous cords made up of Sertoli and germ cells, soon followed by the differentiation of functionally active Leydig cells appearing in the newly formed interstitium. However, explants exposed to theophylline failed to develop seminiferous cords and, as a consequence, Leydig cells. In conclusion, insights obtained from different experimental methods, such as organ culture or whole organism studies, are not always identical. It may be prudent, therefore, to take into account that certain experimental techniques, despite providing valuable information, may require confirmation by other test methods in order to obtain an in-depth understanding of mechanisms of action involved.

13 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202339
202288
202122
202036
201937
201840