Topic
Theobromine
About: Theobromine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1137 publications have been published within this topic receiving 29723 citations. The topic is also known as: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine & Theobromin.
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11 Jan 2019
TL;DR: This chapter will approach chemical and compositional aspects of methylxanthines in coffee, including contents in the seeds and beverages, as well as factors that commonly affect them.
Abstract: Methylxanthines are the most consumed psychoactive substances in the world. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the major methylxanthine in foods, followed by theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), and, more scarcely, theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine). They are predominantly found in different parts of Coffea (coffee), Camelia sinensis (traditional tea), Ilex paraguariensis (mate), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), Paulinia cupana (guarana), and Cola (kola), among other plants. Caffeine and theobromine are also available in a number of commercial non-alcoholic beverages, supplements, and in association with therapeutic drugs. This chapter will approach chemical and compositional aspects of methylxanthines in coffee, including contents in the seeds and beverages, as well as factors that commonly affect them.
8 citations
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TL;DR: Caffeine, theophyllines, theobromine, (+) catechin, (-) epicatechin, gallic acid and theaflavin obtained from black tea inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in mice without affecting acetylcholine, histamine and serotonin induced broncho-constriction in the guinea pig.
Abstract: Caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, (+) catechin, (-) epicatechin, gallic acid and theaflavin obtained from black tea ( CAMELLIA SINENSIS) inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in mice without affecting acetylcholine, histamine and serotonin induced broncho-constriction in the guinea pig. Theophylline and theaflavin antagonise only prostaglandin F 2 alpha induced bronchoconstriction.
8 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the first order kinetics of xanthine alkaloids, such as Xanthine (XAN), hypoxanthine(HXAN) and theobromine (TBR), have been studied with poly ethylene glycols (PEG) as catalysts and showed that an increase in [PEG increased the rate of oxidation linearly.
Abstract: Kinetics of oxidation of xanthine alkaloids, such as Xanthine (XAN), hypoxanthine (HXAN), caffeine (CAF), theophylline (TPL), and theobromine (TBR), have been studied with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) using poly ethylene glycols (PEG) as catalysts. Reaction obeyed first order kinetics in both [CAN] and [Xanthine alkaloid]. Highly sluggish CAN-xanthine alkaloid reactions (in acetonitrile media even at elevated temperatures) are enhanced in presence PEGs (PEG-200, -300, -400, -600). An increase in [PEG] increased the rate of oxidation linearly. This observation coupled with a change in absorption of CAN in presence of PEG, [H–(OCH2–CH2)n–O–NH4Ce(NO3)4(CH3CN)] (PEG bound CAN species), is considered to be more reactive than CAN. The mechanism of oxidation in PEG media has been explained by Menger-Portnoy’s enzymatic model.
8 citations
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TL;DR: The contents of upstream methylxanthines and the degradation pathway indicate that salinity and drought might have a negative impact on biosynthesis of caffeine but accelerated the rate of caffeine degradation.
Abstract: With the ever-growing concern of water deficit due to global climatic change, the drought and salinity stress
response of plants is a major area of research. However, the effect of these stress on cup-quality of coffee
especially, the accumulation of caffeine biosynthetic metabolites, has not been documented. This work studies
the methylxanthines (7-methylxanthine, theobromine, caffeine and theophylline) contents in young leaves of
coffee in response to PEG-6000 (1.5% and 15% w/v) induced drought and sodium chloride (20mM and 200mM)
induced salinity stress. In general, both the stress reduced the caffeine content except for 20mM NaCl. 1.5% PEG
reduced caffeine by 0.46 fold and 0.57 fold during first 24hr and 48hr of treatment, respectively; PEG at 15%
caused a reduction by 0.36 fold only in the 48hr of treatment compared to untreated plants; and NaCl at 200mM
caused a reduction of 0.26 fold and 0.47 fold in the first 24 and 48hrs of treatment, respectively. However 20mM
NaCl augmented caffeine by 1.93 and 5.1 fold in the first 24 and 48hrs of treatment, respectively. The levels of
caffeine subdued on the withdrawal of the stressor, affirmatively indicating the stress stimuli to be responsible for
the observed changes in caffeine levels. The biochemical profile was supported by transcript expression of the
caffeine biosynthetic NMT genes and the analysis of regulatory motifs of the promoters. The contents of
upstream methylxanthines (7-methylxanthine and theobromine) and the degradation pathway (theophylline)
indicate that salinity and drought might have a negative impact on biosynthesis of caffeine but accelerated the
rate of caffeine degradation.
8 citations