Theobromine

About: Theobromine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1137 publications have been published within this topic receiving 29723 citations. The topic is also known as: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine & Theobromin.

The Use of Theobromine As Internal Standard in the Rapid HPLC Analysis of Theophylline in Small Blood Serum Volume

Abstract: A modified method for a qualitative and quantitative analysis of theophylline in small blood serum volume (40 μl) was developed. According to this method, blood serum samples containing theobromine, as internal standard and caffeine from coffee consumption of the patients are centrifuged with acetonitrile to precepitate proteins. These serum samples are evaporated in a water bath at 45°C under stream of nitrogen to remove organic solvents. Then the samples were treated by solid—phase liquid extraction using C18 Bond Elut cartridges preconditioned with methanol and water. The Chromatographic Separation was achieved on a Lichrosorb RP-18 10 μm ODS, 250×4 mm I.D. using methanol: 0.05M ammonium acetate (42:58) at a pH 7.0. The eluted components are detected at 272 nm. The retention time is 3.03 min for theobromine and 3.76 min for theophylline. Theophylline is quantitated by comparing theophylline peak areas with that of known quantities of the internal standard. The peak areas were found to be linea...

Control of methylxanthines in the competition horse: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies on caffeine, theobromine and theophylline for the assessment of irrelevant concentrations.

Abstract: Methylxanthines positives in competition samples have challenged doping control laboratories and racing jurisdictions since methylxanthines are naturally occurring prohibited substances and often constituents of feed. For theobromine, an international threshold (renamed in International Residue Limit, IRL) of 2 µg/mL in urine has been established. On the basis of the data presented herein, a threshold or rather an IRL for theobromine in plasma of 0.3 µg/mL was proposed and was thereupon approved by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). Official recommendations for reporting caffeine and theophylline are still lacking. The aim of the study was to investigate IRLs for theobromine in blood and for caffeine and theophylline in blood and urine. Therefore, a set of six administrations were carried out including both single i.v. and single oral administrations of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. Plasma and urine concentrations were determined using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Applying the Toutain model approach an effective plasma concentration (EPC) of caffeine was estimated at 3.05 µg/mL, irrelevant concentrations in blood (IPC) and urine (IUC) approached 6 and 12 ng/mL, respectively. EPC of theobromine was calculated with 3.80 µg/mL, and irrelevant concentrations of theobromine were determined at 8 ng/mL in plasma and at 142 ng/mL in urine. Toutain modelling of the theophylline data produced an EPC, IPC, and IUC of 3.20 µg/mL, 6 ng/mL, and 75 ng/mL, respectively. The obtained irrelevant concentrations were used to postulate IRLs for theobromine in plasma and for caffeine and theophylline in plasma and urine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lipid metabolism promoting composition

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a composition capable of promoting decomposition of fat and effectively reducing body fat by including a xanthine derivative and an amino acid as active ingredients. SOLUTION: This composition has at least one kind of amino acid selected from a xanthin derivative, glycine, histidine, lysine, serine and threonine. The xanthine derivative includes at least one kind of caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, etc. The formulation weight ratio of the amino acid to the xanthine is 1:(0.01-5). The composition can be prepared in the forms of foods and drink and medicines. Daily dose of The medicine is >=100 mg/adult as amino acid and 1-200 mg/adult as xanthine derivative in the case of oral administration. The composition is effective for prevention and dissolution of obesity and more effective in oral administration or ingestion, especially before, after or during exercise.

The influence of the ingestion of methylated xanthines on the excretion of uric acid.

Abstract: In 1916 Benedict1 reported a single experiment in which the ingestion of caffeine lead to an increased output of uric acid as determined by the then new Benedict-Hitchcock colorimetric method. A year later Mendel and Wardell2 studied this question with the same method, employing not only caffeine, but also coffee and tea. They observed an unmistakable increase in the uric acid output in all cases. The statements in the older literature are quite contradictory. Many texts still state that the ingestion of methylated xanthines is without effect on the excretion of uric acid. For this reason it seemed desirable to again study this problem.In the present studies metabolism experiments have been carried out with the three common methylated xanthines, viz., caffeine, theobromine and theophylline, employing several methods for the estimation of uric acid. In all experiments the subjects were placed on purine-free constant diets until the uric acid excretion reached its endogenous level. The methylated purine to ...