Topic
Theobromine
About: Theobromine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1137 publications have been published within this topic receiving 29723 citations. The topic is also known as: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine & Theobromin.
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01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: The increased toxicity of caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine in the presence of either pargyline, iproniazid, tranylcypromine, or β–phenylisopropylhydrazine shows that the methyl xanthines are capable of interacting with monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of brain serotonin in the pharmacologic effects of the methyl xanthines. The methyl xanthines, caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine are the most widely consumed drugs. Studies on their molecular site of action have focused on cyclic–3', 5'–adenosine monophosphate (c–3', 5'–AMP), an intracellular mediator of a number of hormonal effects. In vitro, caffeine or theophylline elevate the c–3', 5'–AMP levels by inhibiting its catabolism by phosphodiesterase. The increased toxicity of caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine in the presence of either pargyline, iproniazid, tranylcypromine, or β–phenylisopropylhydrazine shows that the methyl xanthines are capable of interacting with monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Serotonin has been postulated to participate in temperature regulation, migraine headache, sedation, and sleep. Caffeine is used therapeutically alone or in combination with other drugs to modify all of these.
3 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results suggest that the intravenous injection of these substances is unnecessary as a rule.
Abstract: 1. Theobromine, in the form of theocalcin and of theobromine sodio-salicylate, and caffeine were injected intravenously and administered through a stomach tube to cats. The animals were exsanguinated after varying intervals of time and the concentration of theobromine and caffeine in the blood was determined.
2. The concentration in the blood stream falls rapidly immediately after the intravenous injection of caffeine or theobromine, and more slowly after 5 minutes.
3. The concentration in the blood after an interval of half an hour or more following the oral administration approximates that after similar intervals following intravenous injection. These results suggest that the intravenous injection of these substances is unnecessary as a rule.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the orientation of the precursors or nuclei of the crystallization is examined through molecular models to understand the nature of the interfacial interactions that direct the nucleation process.
Abstract: The oriented crystallization of caffeine and theobromine on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is reported. The SAMs were prepared by reacting 1-decanethiol, 11-mercapto-1-undecanol, or 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid on flat Au surfaces to form methyl, hydroxyl, or carboxylic acid functionalities on the substrates. Crystallization was conducted by sublimating the xanthine alkaloids on the SAMs. X-ray diffraction and morphology observation/simulation were combined to identify the preferred orientation of caffeine and theobromine crystals. Also, the identified crystal orientation was examined through molecular models to understand the nature of the interfacial interactions that direct the nucleation process. CH/π interaction as well as strong hydrogen bonding appeared to act as the specific interactions to control the molecular orientation of caffeine and theobromine in stereochemically determined manners that persisted during the crystallization process. More importantly, the stability of the orientational regulation showed a clear correlation to the cohesiveness of the xanthine molecular layer parallel to the nucleating substrate. We believe this indicates that the structural coherence of the precursors or nuclei of the crystallization is essential to effectively utilize the interfacial interactions in a cooperative manner to firmly control the crystal orientation.
3 citations
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored that some purine alkaloids are major constituents of plants such as tea and coffee which are used throughout the world as stimulating beverages, and showed that some of these are derivatives of adenine and guanine, with some of the N6-alkylated adenines possessing considerable cytokinin-like activity.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Alkaloids bearing a purine nucleus form a small but important group of natural products. They are often not classified as alkaloids because of their almost universal distribution in living matter and their mode of biosynthesis which shows no relationship to amino acids from which most alkaloids arise. The chapter explores that some purine alkaloids are major constituents of plants such as tea and coffee which are used throughout the world as stimulating beverages. Many of the physiologically important purine alkaloids possess a xanthine nucleus. Xanthine itself has not been found naturally, but several simple N-alkyl derivatives of xanthine are of considerable significance. Prime among these are 1, 3, 7-trimethyIxanthine (caffeine), 1, 3-dimethylxanthine (theophylline), and 3, 7-dimethylxanthine (theobromine). Other purine alkaloids are derivatives of adenine and guanine, with some of the N6-alkylated adenines possessing considerable cytokinin-like activity. The cytokinins are plant growth substances which promote cell division.
3 citations
Abstract: A technique has been developed for the assay of caffeine and its metabolites in biological liquids (the rat blood plasma). The analysis was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for caffeine, paraxanthine, theobromine, and theophylline were calculated to be 10 ng/mL, and the LOQ of 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid was 25 ng/mL.
3 citations