Theobromine

About: Theobromine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1137 publications have been published within this topic receiving 29723 citations. The topic is also known as: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine & Theobromin.

Agents for ameliorating erectile dysfunction

Abstract: Agents for ameliorating erectile dysfunction which contain (A) L-arginine or its salts; and (B) caffeine, theobromine or salts thereof.

Trapping Acrolein by Theophylline/Caffeine and Their Metabolites from Green Tea and Coffee in Mice and Humans.

Abstract: Acrolein (ACR) is found exogenously as a widespread environmental pollutant and endogenously, where it is thought to be involved as a pathogenic factor in the progression of many pathological conditions. Eliminating ACR by dietary-active substances has been found to be one potential strategy to prevent ACR-associated chronic diseases. This study first compared the scavenging ACR efficacy of four purine alkaloids, theophylline (TP), paraxanthine (PXT), theobromine (TB), and caffeine (CAF), and then, TP, CAF, and their metabolites were investigated for their ability to trap ACR in vivo. Our results indicated that TP, which possesses an -NH moiety at the N-7 position, exhibits the best ACR-trapping capacity in vitro, while CAF has a slight ability to trap ACR due to the substitutions by -CH3 at the N-1, N-3, and N-7 positions. After oral administration of TP or CAF, the ACR adducts of TP and the metabolites of TP or CAF (e.g., mono- and di-ACR-TP, mono-ACR-1,3-DMU, and mono-ACR-1-MU) were detected in urinary samples obtained from both TP- and CAF-treated mouse groups by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The quantification studies demonstrated that TP and its metabolites significantly trapped ACR in a dose-dependent manner in vivo. Furthermore, we also detected those ACR adducts of TP and TP/CAF's metabolites in human urine after four cups of green tea (2 g tea leaf/cup) or two cups of coffee (4 g coffee/cup) were consumed per day. Those results indicated that dietary TP or CAF has the potential capacity to scavenge ACR in vivo.

Simultaneous quantitation of serum caffeine and its metabolites by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for CYP1A2 activity prediction in premature infants.

Abstract: Caffeine is accepted as a probe of cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme (CYP1A2) activity and is commonly used in premature infants with great interindividual variability of metabolism. To evaluate the change characteristics of CYP1A2 activity in premature infants, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and optimized for the simultaneous quantitation of serum caffeine (CA) and its major metabolites, including paraxanthine (PX), theophylline (TP) and theobromine (TB) in premature infants. A C18 column and gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid in methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min were used for compound separation. The mass spectrometer monitored the transitions of CA (m/z 195.0→138.0), CA-d9 (m/z 204.0→144.1), PX (m/z 181.0→124.1), TP (m/z 181.0→123.9) and TB (m/z 181.0→138.0) using multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode. CYP1A2 activity was evaluated by serum molar concentration ratios of CA and its metabolites. The results showed that CYP1A2 has a significant positive correlation with the clearance of CA, and was affected by current weight (CW) and CYP1A2*1C. The results suggested that the serum concentration ratios of caffeine metabolic could be used to predict the changes in CYP1A2 enzyme activity in premature infants.

Joint application of caffeine biosynthetic system genome

Abstract: In the biosynthetic reaction system of caffeine, enzymes which catalyze these reactions respectively, and a method of composite utilization of genes encoding these enzymes, respectively are provided. A process for producing 7-methylxanthine, theobromine or caffeine which comprises methylation of xanthosine, ribose removal of 7-methylxanthosine, methylation of 7-methylxanthine, and/or methylation of theobromine ex vivo, in the presence of a combination of two or more of the enzymes a, c and d, and the cellular extract b. a: an enzyme which catalyzes methylation of xanthosine at the 7-position of the purine ring and has the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 1, b: a crude cellular extract obtained from Escherichia coli which catalyzes ribose removal of 7-methylxanthosine at the 9-position of the purine ring, c: an enzyme which catalyzes methylation of 7-methylxanthine at the 3-position of the purine ring and has the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 4, d: an enzyme which catalyzes methylation of theobromine at the 1-position of the purine ring and has the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 7.