Theobromine

About: Theobromine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1137 publications have been published within this topic receiving 29723 citations. The topic is also known as: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine & Theobromin.

Physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compound profiles of Arabica Kalosi Enrekang with different postharvest processing

Abstract: This work aimed to understand and evaluate the impacts of postharvest procedures on physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds (CQAs and alkaloids) of green bean and roasted bean. Arabica green bean of kalosi Enrekang was obtained from different procedures: natural, honey and full-washed, and followed with medium roasting, powdered, and extracted using boiling water. A single-factor ANOVA and t-test was arranged to evaluate data, and OPLS-DA was applied to produce mapping. As the results, full washed processed green beans demonstrated a high lightness, while honey processed green beans showed a high chromaticity a*. Natural processed green beans contained a high CQAs, whereas honey processed green beans contained the highest quantity of alkaloids. In terms of caffeine, natural and honey processed green beans exhibited equal levels. In addition, honey roasted beans contained a high content of 3-CQA and 4-CQA, while full-washed processed roasted beans contained a high level of theobromine. The roasting process was reported to reduce the content of total CQAs and alkaloids.

Abstract 1746: Modulation of ABCG2 mediated multidrug resistance by xanthine derivatives

Abstract: Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL ABCG2 is an ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transporter that confers multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumor cells by extruding a broad variety of chemotherapeutic agents, ultimately leading to failure of cancer therapy. Accordingly, the downregulation of ABCG2 expression and/or function has been proposed as part of a regimen to improve cancer therapeutic efficacy. Adenosine receptors (ARs), belong to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily, and play important roles in stimulating neuronal cells, regulating cell proliferation and controlling immune responses. Adenosine receptor antagonists, a large collection of small molecules mainly composed of methylxanthines and other xanthine derivatives, have been used or implicated in many therapeutic applications, such as treatment of asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and neural degenerative diseases. Previously, we have shown that the non-selective AR antagonist 1,3,7-methyxanthine (caffeine) can dramatically downregulate ABCG2 expression levels in cancer cell lines, increasing the intracellular retention of the ABCG2 specific substrate Mitoxantrone (MX) and markedly sensitizing cells to this chemotherapeutic agent. In order to find more potent and specific modulators of ABCG2 expression, we recently tested other ARs antagonists. Among the compounds we have examined, the non-selective antagonists theophylline, theobromine, paraxanthine, and the A2R selective antagonists 8-(3-chlorostyryl), caffeine (CSC) and 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX), were capable of downregulating ABCG2 protein levels to varying degrees. An A1R selective antagonist, 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), currently in clinical trials, also decreased the expression of ABCG2 significantly at physiologically- relevant concentrations. In addition, the natural ligand of the ARs, adenosine, completely blocked the downregulation of ABCG2 by caffeine, suggesting that adenosine receptors and their downstream signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of ABCG2 gene expression. These findings suggest that xanthine adenosine receptor antagonists could be developed as combination therapy to improve the efficacy of drugs that are ABCG2 substrates. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1746. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1746

Theobromine for the treatment of cough

Abstract: The present invention is theobromine as an active agent to be delivered via the inhaled route, for the treatment of cough.

Degradation of Theobromine in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) by-products by Fermentation with Aspergillus niger

Abstract: Aim: This study was carried out to determine the ability of Aspergillus niger to break down theobromine in cocoa by-products, for its possible use in animal feeds. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences, Wesley University, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria between January 2013 and June 2013. Methodology: Cocoa by-products (combination of cocoa bean shell (CBS) and cocoa bean meal (CBM)) was milled into fine particle size, sterilized and fermented with Aspergillus niger for 5 days. The theobromine content was monitored at 24 h interval during fermentation and proximate analyses were carried out before and after the fermentation process. Results: Significant reduction of theobromine content of 78.13% was observed after 5 days of fermentation. The crude protein and crude ash content increased by 2.7% and 51.9%, while the moisture content and crude fibre reduced by 21.3% and 23.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The study showed that Aspergillus niger has the potential to reduce the theobromine content and enhance the nutritive value of cocoa by-products, for possible use in animal feed.