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Theobromine

About: Theobromine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1137 publications have been published within this topic receiving 29723 citations. The topic is also known as: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine & Theobromin.


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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1996-Planta
TL;DR: In a study of purine alkaloid catabolism pathways in coffee,14C-labelled theobromine, caffeine, theophylline and xanthine were incubated with leaves of Coffeeea arabica and the identity of 7-methylxanthine in these studies was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
Abstract: In a study of purine alkaloid catabolism pathways in coffee,14C-labelled theobromine, caffeine, theophylline and xanthine were incubated with leaves ofCoffea arabica. Incorporation of label into14CO2 was determined and methanol-soluble metabolites were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-radiocounting. The data obtained demonstrate catabolism of caffeine → theophylline → 3-methylxanthine → xanthine. Xanthine is degraded further by the conventional purine catabolism pathway to CO2 and NH3 via uric acid, allantoin and allantoic acid. The conversion of caffeine to theophylline is the rate-limiting step in purine alkaloid catabolism and provides a ready explanation for the high concentration of endogenous caffeine found inC. arabica leaves. Although theobromine is converted primarily to caffeine, a small portion of the theobromine pool appears to be degraded to xanthine by a caffeine-independent pathway. In addition to being broken down to CO2, via the purine catabolism pathway, xanthine is metabolised to 7-methylxanthine. Metabolism of [2-14C]xanthine byC. arabica leaves in the presence of 5 mM allopurinol results in very large increases in incorporation of radioactivity into 7-methylxanthine as degradation of the substrate via the purine catabolism pathway is blocked. The identity of 7-methylxanthine in these studies was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.

61 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Caffeine altered self‐estimates of sleep latency and sleep quality in a dose‐dependent fashion and increased overnight urinary sodium excretion and theobromine in equivalent doses had no detectable effect on sleep parameters or on urine composition.
Abstract: Human subiects ingested measured quantities of caffeine and theobromine, separately and together, at random. The double-blind technique was used. Caffeine altered self-estimates of sleep latency and sleep quality in a dose-dependent fashion and increased overnight urinary sodium excretion. Theobromine in equivalent doses had no detectable effect on sleep parameters or on urine composition, nor did it interact significantly with caffeine when the two were ingested together. Theobromine is much weaker than caffeine or entirely inert in these situations.

61 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Among the three molds in this study, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem has the most remarkable effect, and the caffeine content in dry green tea increased from an initial 3.47% to 9.63%, and the increase rate was 177.5% on the 16th day.

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated purine catabolism pathways in young, mature and aged leaves of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) were investigated by incubating leaf sections with l4 C-labelled theobromine, caffeine, theophylline and xanthine.
Abstract: Purine alkaloid catabolism pathways in young, mature and aged leaves of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) were investigated by incubating leaf sections with l4 C-labelled theobromine, caffeine, theophylline and xanthine. Incorporation of label into CO2 was determined and methanolsoluble metabolites were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-radiocounting and thin layer chromatography. The data obtained demonstrate that theobromine is the immediate precursor of caffeine, which accumulates in tea leaves because its conversion to theophylline is the rate limiting step in the purine alkaloid catabolism pathway. The main fate of [8- 14 C]theophylline incubated with mature and aged leaves, and to a lesser extent young leaves, is conversion to 3-methylxanthine and onto xanthine which is degraded to 14 CO2 via the purine catabolism pathway. However, with young leaves, sizable amounts of [8- 14 C]theophylline were salvaged for the synthesis of caffeine via a 3-methylxanthine —»• theobromine —* caffeine pathway. Trace amounts of [2- 14 C]xanthine were also salvaged for caffeine biosynthesis in young leaves, by conversion to 3methylxanthine, and this was enhanced in the presence of 5 mM allopurinol which inhibits purine catabolism. Feeds of [2- 14 C]xanthine to young leaves also indicated that 3

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
31 Oct 2005-Talanta
TL;DR: The proposed RP-HPLC/UV method was suitable for quantification of these methylxanthines in coffee, tea and human urine samples and was validated in terms of limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linearity, recovery and the precision.

60 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202339
202288
202122
202036
201937
201840