Topic
Theobromine
About: Theobromine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1137 publications have been published within this topic receiving 29723 citations. The topic is also known as: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine & Theobromin.
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TL;DR: A novel hypothesis regarding caffeine biosynthesis is presented which favours methylation of XMP rather than xanthosine as the crucial step leading from primary metabolism into caffeine synthesis, however, this first methylation is considered to be metabolically channelled.
40 citations
TL;DR: Evidence was obtained to indicate that a single site on the protein was responsible for the major portion of the binding, and anionic species were generally found to possess much stronger interactive tendencies than those which had no formal charge.
40 citations
TL;DR: Results strongly suggested that orally administered theobromine acted as a PDE inhibitor in the brain, and it augmented the cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways and motor learning in mice.
Abstract: Theobromine, which is a caffeine derivative, is the primary methylxanthine produced by Theobroma cacao. Theobromine works as a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor to increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP activates the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), which is involved in a large variety of brain processes, including the induction of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF supports cell survival and neuronal functions, including learning and memory. Thus, cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways play an important role in learning and memory. Here, we investigated whether orally administered theobromine could act as a PDE inhibitor centrally and affect cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways and learning behavior in mice. The mice were divided into two groups. The control group (CN) was fed a normal diet, whereas the theobromine group (TB) was fed a diet supplemented with 0.05% theobromine for 30 days. We measured the levels of theobromine, phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (p-VASP), phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB), and BDNF in the brain. p-VASP was used as an index of cAMP increases. Moreover, we analyzed the performance of the mice on a three-lever motor learning task. Theobromine was detectable in the brains of TB mice. The brain levels of p-VASP, p-CREB, and BDNF were higher in the TB mice compared with those in the CN mice. In addition, the TB mice performed better on the three-lever task than the CN mice did. These results strongly suggested that orally administered theobromine acted as a PDE inhibitor in the brain, and it augmented the cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways and motor learning in mice.
40 citations
Patent•
06 Jul 2006TL;DR: Personal care composition comprising from about 0.05% to about 5% of at least one aquaporin-stimulating compound selected from the group consisting of xanthine, caffeine, 2-amino-6-methyl-mercaptopurine; 1-methyl xanthines; 2-aminopurines; theophylline; theobromine; adenine, adenosine; kinetin; p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid; indole-3-butyric acid; 2,4- dichlorophenoxyAC
Abstract: Personal care composition comprising from about 0.05% to about 5% of at least one aquaporin-stimulating compound selected from the group consisting of xanthine, caffeine; 2-amino-6-methyl-mercaptopurine; 1-methyl xanthine; 2-aminopurine; theophylline; theobromine; adenine; adenosine; kinetin; p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; indole-3-butyric acid; indole-3-acetic acid methyl ester; beta-naphthoxyacetic acid; 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid; adenine hemisulfate; n-benzyl-9- (2-tetrahydropyranyl)adenine; 1,3-diphenylurea; l-phenyl-3-(l,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea; zeatin; indole-3-acetic acid; 6-benzylaminopurine; alpha-napthaleneacetic acid; 6-2- furoylaminopurine; green tea extract; white tea extract; menthol; tea tree oil; ginsenoside- RB l; ginsenoside-RB3; ginsenoside-RC; ginsenoside-RD; ginsenoside-RE; ginsenoside- RGl ; ginseng root extract; ginseng flower extract; pomegranate extract, extracts from Ajuga turkestanica; extracts from viola tricolor and combinations thereof; an additional ingredient selected from the group consisting of niacinamide, glycerin and mixtures thereof, and a dermatologically-acceptable carrier.
40 citations
TL;DR: The fetal rat brain accumulates theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine when exposed to caffeine doses comparable to those attainable by normal human consumption, and it is suggested that particular attention should be paid to the consumption of caffeine during pregnancy.
40 citations