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Theobromine

About: Theobromine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1137 publications have been published within this topic receiving 29723 citations. The topic is also known as: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine & Theobromin.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The methyl xanthines are mildly antithyroid and strongly goitrogenic compounds and the possibility that this dissociation between the antithYroid and goitrogensic response involves mediation by 3′,5′-AMP is discussed.
Abstract: Rats chronically fed methyl xanthines in a low iodine diet developed goiters. The potency of the compounds tested was in the order: theophylline =aminophylline> caffeine > theobromine. Goitrogenesis was reduced on high iodine diets and absent in hypophysectomized rats. Theophylline caused marked, synergistic enhancement of the goitrogenic effect of small doses of propylthiouracil. Aminophylline and theophylline lowered the PBI but at theophylline concentrations prevailing in these sera little antithyroid activity could be demonstrated in rat thyroid segments in vitro. It is concluded that the methyl xanthines are mildly antithyroid and strongly goitrogenic compounds. The possibility that this dissociation between the antithyroid and goitrogenic response involves mediation by 3′,5′-AMP is discussed. (Endocrinology 85: 410,1969)

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
18 Dec 1926-JAMA
TL;DR: The so-called xanthine (or caffeine) group of drugs is generally regarded as consisting of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline, both of which are frequently employed in combination with other substances.
Abstract: The so-called xanthine (or caffeine) group of drugs is generally regarded 1 as consisting of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline Caffeine has long been considered practically useless, so far as its diuretic action in human beings is concerned, and the term "xanthine diuretic" is therefore restricted to theobromine and theophylline, both of which are frequently employed in combination with other substances Of these combinations, theobromine sodiosalicylate (diuretin) is probably the best known and the most widely employed at the present time Theophylline, as Christian 2 has sagely remarked, "is in the pharmacopeia but not in the pharmacy"; the cost of its commercial production from tea is so great that the synthetic preparation, theocin, is the only one available for clinical use Although these drugs have been in use for a long period of years, there is a surprising lack of clinical studies on which their intelligent employment in cardiac patients may

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicated that the fat-enriched diet resulted in a long-term deterioration in cognitive and memory functions, and Interestingly, theobromine, at both concentrations tested, restored A1 receptor levels and improved cognitive functions and Aβ levels for a dose of 30 mg/L drinking water.
Abstract: Dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD) is mainly characterized by accumulation in the brain of extra- and intraneuronal amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins, respectively, which selectively affect specific regions, particularly the neocortex and the hippocampus. Sporadic AD is mainly caused by an increase in apolipoprotein E, a component of chylomicrons, which are cholesterol transporters in the brain. Recent studies have shown that high lipid levels, especially cholesterol, are linked to AD. Adenosine is an atypical neurotransmitter that regulates a wide range of physiological functions by activating four P1 receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) and P2 purinergic receptors that are G protein-coupled. A1 receptors are involved in the inhibition of neurotransmitter release, which could be related to AD. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of a lard-enriched diet (LED) on cognitive and memory processes in adult rats (6 months of age) as well as the effect of theobromine on these processes. The results indicated that the fat-enriched diet resulted in a long-term deterioration in cognitive and memory functions. Increased levels of Aβ protein and IL-1β were also observed in the rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet, which were used to validate the AD animal model. In addition, the results of qPCR and immunohistochemistry indicated a decrease in gene expression and distribution of A1 purinegic receptor, respectively, in the hippocampus of LED-fed rats. Interestingly, theobromine, at both concentrations tested, restored A1 receptor levels and improved cognitive functions and Aβ levels for a dose of 30 mg/L drinking water.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Schack and Waxler sectrophotometric method of measuring theophylline plasma concentration should be used with caution when patients are taking drugs which are weak acids which absorb in the 250-350 nm range.
Abstract: Drug-induced modification of the spectrophotometric theophylline plasma measurement was investigated in vitro using 14 drugs which coextract with theophylline and absorb ultraviolet light in the same wavelength region. Plasma samples spiked with 15 microng/ml theophylline and other potentially interfering drugs in therapeutic concentrations were analyzed according to the Schack and Waxler procedure. The absorbance of the alkalinized aqueous layer was read on a scanning spectrophotometer at 275 and 310 nm. Allopurinol, caffeine, phenobarbital, ampicillin and phenytoin did not appear to interfere with the measurement of theophylline. In contrast, furosemide, sulfathiazole, phenylbutazone, probenecid and theobromine produced potentially clinically significant false positive elevations of the theophylline plasma concentration. Warfarin, bishydroxycoumarin and salicylic acid produced an underestimation in the theophylline plasma concentration. The Schack and Waxler sectrophotometric method of measuring theophylline plasma concentration should be used with caution when patients are taking drugs which are weak acids which absorb in the 250-350 nm range.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that self‐reports of caffeine ingestion do not accurately reflect acute exposure, and that if caffeine use is of importance in a given setting, reports should be confirmed by biochemical means.
Abstract: The relationship between self-reports of caffeine ingestion on two occasions and measured plasma concentrations of caffeine and its major metabolites was examined. A subject population [25 men and 25 women, age 20-45 years (mean: 28.7 yr)] that was enrolled in a benzodiazepine pharmacokinetic study underwent general medical screening on two occasions, each including detailed caffeine histories. Before beginning their scheduled study, plasma samples were obtained and evaluated by HPLC for caffeine, paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine. These values were compared with estimates of caffeine consumption in mg/day generated from both histories. There was no significant difference between plasma levels of caffeine, metabolites, or caffeine plus metabolites for categories corresponding to reports of low, intermediate or high caffeine use. A self-reported caffeine consumption of greater than 300 mg/day (high) did correlate, however, with a significant smoking history. The authors conclude that self-reports of caffeine ingestion do not accurately reflect acute exposure, and that if caffeine use is of importance in a given setting, reports should be confirmed by biochemical means.

20 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202339
202288
202122
202036
201937
201840