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Showing papers on "Thermal energy published in 1971"


Patent
08 Feb 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a spiral capillary groove is constructed by cutting the metal from the wall of the tube and raising and folding the cut metal over to provide a narrow opening for a maximum capillary action.
Abstract: A unit for recovering thermal energy which utilizes a plurality of unique heat pipes, and the method and apparatus for fabricating the heat pipes is disclosed. The heat pipes are disposed horizontally and are filled with a volume of working fluid sufficient to cause the liquid phase to travel in either direction by gravity. Circumferential capillary grooves in the side walls of the heat pipes transport the liquid phase vertically above the liquid level to increase the area of the liquid-vapor interface. Additionally, the solid metal strips which form the grooves provide a low impedance thermal path from the walls of the heat pipe to the liquid-vapor interface where evaporation and condensation occur. These two factors significantly increase the efficiency of the system. A divider plate having an X-shaped cross section separates the liquid phase from the high velocity vapor phase to prevent slugging under high energy transfer conditions. The divider plate is operative when the unit is disposed in either of two horizontal positions. The method and apparatus provides a means for fabricating a spiraled capillary groove by cutting the metal from the wall of the tube and raising and folding the cut metal over to provide a groove having a narrow opening for a maximum capillary action. The cutting tool has a curved cutting edge formed by the intersection of a planar surface and a cylindrical surface. Apparatus for driving the cutting tool is also described.

81 citations


Patent
10 Nov 1971
TL;DR: In this article, an apparatus for producing super heated fluids by converting electromagnetic energy into thermal energy within the fluid is described. But it is only applicable to a vapor powered vehicle that produces no environmental pollution.
Abstract: The disclosure relates to an apparatus for producing super heated fluids by converting electromagnetic energy into thermal energy within the fluid. A coil of low dielectric tubing is placed in a microwave resonant chamber and extends from a fluid inlet to a vapor outlet. The fluid to be super heated passes through the coil and is vaporized directly by microwave energy. The invention is particularly applicable to a vapor powered vehicle that produces no environmental pollution.

44 citations


Patent
03 Jun 1971
TL;DR: In this article, an energy conversion system is provided for converting thermal radiation energy into electricity, which includes a source of thermal energy and a silicon cell spaced from the thermal energy source, where the interference filter has its maximum reflectivity in the strongest emission band regions of the radiating solid material which are outside the maximum spectral response band of the silicon cell.
Abstract: An energy conversion system is provided for converting thermal radiation energy into electricity. The system includes a source of thermal energy and a silicon cell spaced from the thermal energy source. A radiating solid material is positioned between and spaced from the thermal energy source and the silicon cell. The radiating solid material is capable of radiating a major portion of the heat received from the thermal energy source in the spectral band where the silicon cell shows its maximum spectral response. An interference filter is positioned between the radiating solid material and the silicon cell. The interference filter has its maximum reflectivity in the strongest emission band regions of the radiating solid material which are outside the maximum spectral response band of the silicon cell. The interference filter also has its highest transmission in the wavelength region where the silicon cell has good spectral response. This invention relates to an energy conversion system for converting thermal radiation energy to useful electrical energy.

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the transport of thermal energy in thermodynamics as the product of entropy flow and of the absolute temperature, in analogy to the volume flow and pressure in oil hydraulics and to electric charge flow (= current) and voltage in electronics.
Abstract: The transport of thermal energy in thermodynamics is described as the product of entropy flow and of the absolute temperature, in analogy to the volume flow and pressure in oil hydraulics and to electric charge flow (= current) and voltage in electronics. Bond graphs are shown to be especially suitable to describe the splitting of applied thermal energy into internal energy and external mechanical work. Transformers and the 0- and 1- junctions of Paynter can illustrate various entropy flow processes, including Carnot engines and heat exchangers. Entropy flow in heat conduction is distinguished from entropy convection, or transport by moving mass, where the entropy/temperature characteristic or equation of state is important. Irreversibilities are represented by impedance transformers reducing temperature and increasing entropy flow but conserving power.

33 citations


Patent
10 Jun 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved process for the recovery of sulfur dioxide and heat from hot flue gas employing direct contact packed-bed heat exchangers, a packed bed absorber and desorber and packed bed liquid-liquid heat exchanger of improved design is presented.
Abstract: The invention is an improved process for the recovery of, for example, sulfur dioxide and heat from hot flue gas employing direct contact packed-bed heat exchangers, a packed bed absorber and desorber and packed bed liquid-liquid heat exchangers of improved design. The process utilizes the thermal energy of the hot flue gas to: desorb sulfur dioxide, preheat combustion air and to reheat absorber tail gas. The formation of a vapor plume and loss in stack gas draft is minimized by operating the absorber at low temperatures and by reheating the absorber tail gases. Heat is extracted from the hot flue gas and cooled by direct contact with an immiscible heat transfer fluid in a packed bed. Moisture is condensed from the flue gas by direct contact with cold heat transfer fluid, and separated from the heat transfer fluid by decantation. Sulfur dioxide is absorbed from the cooled flue gas in a packed bed by direct contact with a cold aqueous sulfite solution to form a bisulfite salt solution. The aqueous bisulfite salt solution is thermally decomposed and the sulfur dioxide desorbed by heating through direct contact with hot heat transfer fluid from the initial flue gas cooling step. Heat is recovered from the stripped sulfite absorption solution by direct contact with heat transfer fluid and used to preheat combustion air. The decomposition of the bisulfite solution during the sulfur dioxide desorption process is aided by the heat transfer fluid which contains an organic acid which is partially miscible with water at elevated temperatures. Improved absorber design is based upon the use of slant packed beds, slant inlet-outlet packed bed access parts and slant packed bed tower internals for reduced bed cloggage, reduced absorber height and ease of packing replacement while the absorbers are in use.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an apparatus for the determination of the rates of fast chemical reactions in solution is described, where the temperature of a solution is raised by a pulse of radiation from a laser, and the resulting shift of chemical equilibrium is followed spectrophoto metrically.
Abstract: An apparatus for the determination of the rates of fast chemical reactions in solution is described. The temperature of a solution is raised by a pulse of radiation from a laser, and the resulting shift of chemical equilibrium is followed spectrophoto metrically. If the laser is used in the non-Q-switched mode, and the optical energy is converted to thermal energy by a dye, temperature rises of 5K in 300 mu s are readily obtained, giving signal-to-noise ratios of over 100. If the laser is used in the Q-switched mode, so that the light pulse duration is of the order of 1 mu s, dye conversion is inefficient, due to the finite lifetime of the excited states of the dye, and temperature rises of less than 1 K are obtained. Direct conversion of optical energy to thermal energy by solvent absorption is also inefficient, since the absorbance of the usual solvents does not have a suitable value at any of the wavelengths of the light generated by the widely used lasers (694 nm and 1060 nm). Shock-wave transients, caused by high rates of energy input to the solvent, also limit the temperature-jump which can be usefully produced.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Asymptotic expression for low energy photoelectron energy loss to ambient thermal electrons is given in this article, where the energy loss is proportional to the number of thermal electrons.

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The atmospheric energy partition in different degrees of freedom (translational, rotational, vibrational, electronic, chemical, and ionization) is presented over the altitude range 0-300 km in terms of effective population temperatures for these different forms of energy.
Abstract: The earth’s upper atmosphere is drastically out of local thermodynamic equilibrium as a result of solar irradiation and the consequent photochemistry and as a result of the transport of energy by both radiative and fluid mechanical mechanisms, so that the lower thermosphere provides an excellent potential laboratory for the observation of nonequilibrium processes. The atmospheric energy partition in different degrees of freedom (translational, rotational, vibrational, electronic, chemical, and ionization) is presented over the altitude range 0–300 km in terms of effective population temperatures for these different forms of energy. The vibration of molecular oxygen and nitrogen is excited mainly by chemical and energy transfer mechanisms and de-excited by vibration-vibration and vibration-translation energy transfer processes. The vibrational population temperature for various molecules may be either lower or higher than the kinetic temperature, and a number of models for the vibrational population of various atmospheric molecules are outlined here.

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1971-Tellus A
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the effect of sensible heat transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere within an east coast cyclone using the concept of available potential energy and showed that sensible heat generation is significant in the creation of the cyclone's available energy, particularly during the early cyclogenetic stage.
Abstract: The importance of the sensible heat transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere within an east coast cyclone is studied using the concept of available potential energy. Both the generation of the storm's available potential energy by this diabatic component and the boundary layer frictional dissipation are estimated. The sensible heat transfer through the interface is calculated by employing the bulk aerodynamic method. The ten meter wind speed is estimated from the surface geostrophic wind models of Rossby & Montgomery (1935) and Lettau (1961). For each model, both a variable wind dependent and a fixed roughness parameter are utilized. The sensible heat flux from the four different computations varied by 50% showing the sensitivity of the flux estimates to the modeling of the boundary layer winds. From the flux calculations both upper and lower bound estimates of the storm generation by the sensible heating are determined. The upper bound estimate is made by adding all the thermal energy to the superadiabatic surface layer, a few millibars in vertical extent, while the lower bound is determined by distributing the energy uniformly within the dry adiabatic mixing layer extending from a few to several hundred millibars vertically. These bounds reflect the uncertainty in the nature of the energy transfer between the turbulent scale of the boundary layer and the quasi-horizontal scale of the storm. It is postulated that the true generation is bounded by these upper and lower estimates. For the small area of 5.4 times 10 2 m 2 , the lower bound generation estimates range from 0.7 to 1.9 watts m?2 at OOz and 1.3 to 3.1 watts m?2 at 12z while the upper bound ranges from 1.5 to 3.9 at OOz and 2.6 to 6.1 at 12z for the four different estimates of sensible heat transfer. The boundary layer frictional dissipation increases from 2.7 at OOz to 7.1 watts m?2 at 12z. The results indicate that sensible heat generation is significant in the creation of the cyclone's available potential energy, particularly during the early cyclogenetic stage. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1971.tb00594.x

17 citations


Patent
24 Aug 1971
TL;DR: The MG2SIXGEYSN1-X-Y as discussed by the authors is an all-over or solvable solution of the three major international metallic entities: MAGNESIUM Stannide, MAGNESium GERMANIDE, and MAGnesIUM SILICIDE.
Abstract: IN DEVICES USED HITHERTO FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF HEAT INTO ELECTRICITY, COMMONLY KNOWN AS "THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERTERS," THE EFFICIENCY OF CONVERSION IS APPRECIABLY LOWER THAN THAT OF CONVENTIONAL RECIPROCATING OR ROTARY HEAT ENGINES. THE BASIC REASON FOR THIS LOW EFFICIENCY IS INHERENT IN THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIALS SELECTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF THESE DEVICES. THE MATERIALS THAT HAVE BEEN AND ARE CURRENTLY BEING USED FOR THIS PURPOSE ARE INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS AND ALLOYS OF SILICON AND GERMANIUM. IN THIS INVENTION AN ENTIRELY NEW MATERIAL IS DEVELOPED. IT IS COMPOSED OF AN ALLOY OR SOLID SOLUTION OF THE THREE INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS: MAGNESIUM STANNIDE, MAGNESIUM GERMANIDE AND MAGNESIUM SILICIDE, AND DEFINED BY THE CHEMICAL FORMULA: MG2SIXGEYSN1-X-Y. THIS MATERIAL, WHEN PROPERLY DOPED, POSSESSES A FIGURE OF MERIT AND, CONSEQUENTLY, AN EFFICIENCY OF DIRECT CONVERSION OF THERMAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY FAR EXCEEDING THAT OF ANY OTHER MATERIAL PREVIOUSLY KNOWN OR USED.

13 citations


Patent
R Meijer1
23 Jun 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a heat transport device consisting of a closed container with at least one first and at least two second heat transmission walls and a heat transporting medium is described, which absorbs thermal energy through the first heat transmission wall while changing from the liquid phase into the vapor phase and supplies thermal energy to the second one when changing from liquid phase to liquid phase.
Abstract: A heat transporting device comprising a closed container having at least one first and at least one second heat transmission wall, and a heat transporting medium which absorbs thermal energy through the first heat transmission wall while changing from the liquid phase into the vapor phase and supplies thermal energy to the second heat transmission wall while changing from the vapor phase into the liquid phase; the container furthermore comprises a porous mass which connects the second to the first heat transmission wall in such manner that the medium condensed through said mass on the second heat transmission wall can flow back to the first heat transmission wall due to capillary action One or more supporting elements are arranged in the container for supporting the walls of the container against pressure forces exerted thereon from without, which supporting elements permit the flow of medium vapor in the direction of heat transport

01 Jul 1971
TL;DR: Integrated waste collection and purification system using radioisotopes for thermal energy in 180-day space mission life support system was presented in this article, where the authors used an integrated waste collection, purification, and recycling system.
Abstract: Integrated waste collection and purification system using radioisotopes for thermal energy in 180-day space mission life support system

Patent
03 Mar 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a method and apparatus for supplying thermal energy to the heater of a hot-gas engine was proposed, whereby a quantity of air of combustion is supplied which is smaller than the quantity which stoichiometrically corresponds to the quantity of fuel supplied to the burner device resulting in incomplete combustion and lower temperature.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for supplying thermal energy to the heater of a hot-gas engine, whereby a quantity of air of combustion is supplied which is smaller than the quantity which stoichiometrically corresponds to the quantity of fuel supplied to the burner device resulting in incomplete combustion and lower temperature; later additional air is supplied to the combustion gases for complete combustion without further temperature rise such that substantially less nitrogen oxides are produced.


Patent
D Brown1
22 Apr 1971
TL;DR: The altitude of rise of plumes of gases discharged into the atmosphere from the exhaust ports of chimneys is increased by the provision of means to heat the hot gases in the chimney to augment the thermal energy thereof as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The altitude of rise of plumes of gases discharged into the atmosphere from the exhaust ports of chimneys is increased by the provision of means to heat the hot gases in the chimney to augment the thermal energy thereof.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: Parallel plate plasma accelerator energy deposition, considering kinetic and thermal modes based on flow velocity, temperature and Mach number measurements, was studied in this paper, where the authors used a parallel plate plasminar accelerator.
Abstract: Parallel plate plasma accelerator energy deposition, considering kinetic and thermal modes based on flow velocity, temperature and Mach number measurements

Patent
19 Apr 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a process and apparatus for producing refrigeration, or refrigeration and work directly from thermal energy, can be found, and the thermal energy input can also be supplemented by work input to enhance the refrigeration effect.
Abstract: Process and apparatus for producing refrigeration, or refrigeration and work directly from thermal energy. The thermal energy input can also be supplemented by work input to enhance the refrigeration effect.

Patent
R Detig1
02 Mar 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a method for aFFIXING ELECTROSCOPIC TONER IMAGES ONTO a support by UTILIZING an INTERMEDIARY as a heat transfer medium.
Abstract: A METHOD FOR AFFIXING ELECTROSCOPIC TONER IMAGES ONTO A SUPPORT BY UTILIZING AN INTERMEDIARY AS A HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM. A QUANTITY OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL IS HEATED TO A TEMPERATURE SUFFICIENT TO PRODUCE AT LEAST A PARTIAL MELTING OF THE PARTICULAR TONER MATERIAL TO BE FUSED AND THE TONER MATERIAL ON THE SUPPORT IS THEN CONTACTED WITH THE HEATED PARTICULATE MATERIAL TO INDUCE A TRANSFER OF THE THERMAL ENERGY IN THE PARTICULATE MATERIAL TO THE TONER MATERIAL ON THE SUPPORT.


15 Mar 1971
TL;DR: The thermal and electrical performances of silicon solar cell designs at high solar intensities were analyzed in this article, showing that silicon solar cells can achieve better performance than conventional silicon cells at higher solar intensity.
Abstract: Thermal and electrical performances of silicon solar cell designs at high solar intensities

Patent
27 May 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a method of converting acoustic energy to another form of energy establishes a magnetic field in an electrically conductive fluid medium, which is under the influence of a magnetic force.
Abstract: A method of converting acoustic energy to another form of energy establishes a magnetic field in an electrically conductive fluid medium Acoustic energy is passed into the electrically conductive fluid medium and converted therein into another form of energy A conversion device receives acoustical energy passed into an electrically conductive fluid medium which is under the influence of a magnetic field The energy passed into the electrically conductive fluid medium causes electric currents in the fluid which are dissipated in the magnetic field and transformed to thermal energy which is dissipated by the device

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the longitudinal thermal energy equation for nonuniform flow is derived from the three-dimensional instantaneous equations of continuity and thermal energy for flow of incompressible Newtonian fluid.
Abstract: By means of the time- and space-averaging processes, the general longitudinal thermal energy equation for nonuniform flow is derived from the three-dimensional instantaneous equations of continuity and of thermal energy for flow of incompressible Newtonian fluid The equation so formulated includes the longitudinal heat dispersion term and can be used to describe mathematically the average temperature distribution in a natural stream at every instant and at all points of the stream after the injection of thermal pollutant Analytical solution is sought for a typical thermal pollution problem in a natural stream An accurate evaluation of the longitudinal heat dispersion coefficient that depends on bulk flow parameters and environmental factors is proposed

Patent
08 Feb 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a combustion chamber is constructed from a number of slit-like flow ducts for reacting air-fuel mixture, which ducts immediately adjoin, with their inlet side, the inlets for combustion and fuel.
Abstract: A device for supplying thermal energy to a place to be heated, comprising a combustion chamber constructed from a number of slit-like flow ducts for reacting air-fuel mixture, which ducts immediately adjoin, with their inlet side, the inlets for air of combustion and fuel. The ducts are bounded mainly by parts of a heat-transmitting wall through which thermal energy can be withdrawn from the reacting air-fuel mixture.

01 Nov 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a heat pipe radiator consisting of 100 sodium-filled, 1.91 cm OD, stainless steel heat pipes has been tested at temperatures up to 760 C. The as-fabricated radiator heat pipe temperatures varied from 605 C to 700 C when the central coolant channel average temperature was 740 C.
Abstract: A heat pipe radiator consisting of 100 sodium-filled, 1.91-cm OD, stainless steel heat pipes has been tested at temperatures up to 760 C. This radiator was initially designed to have a heat pipe temperature of 740 C with a central coolant channel temperature of 771 C. The as-fabricated radiator heat pipe temperatures varied from 605 C to 700 C when the central coolant channel average temperature was 740 C. The heat pipes operated at 25 C to 110 C lower-than-expected temperatures, resulting in a 43 kW heat rejection capability vs the 50 kW design goal and the 65 kW ultimate capability of the radiator. The 43 kW heat rejection yields a mass/heat rejection ratio of 0.182 kg/kWt which is good for this early state-of-the-art heat pipe radiator. An end-of-mission life specific weight of 0.154 kg/kW is apparently achievable with improvements in radiator fabrication and brazing techniques.

01 Feb 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, cyclic subsystem and unit operation and the energy coupling between thermal transport fluids produced minor fluctuations in the test-chamber atmosphere temperature, which are significant for the development.
Abstract: heat within the equipment plumbing and the test-chamber atmosphere or transferred through the test-chamber wall. cyclic subsystem and unit operation and the energy coupling between thermal transport fluids produced minor fluctuations in the test-chamber atmosphere temperature. findings are significant for the development