Thyroglobulin

About: Thyroglobulin is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 7398 publications have been published within this topic receiving 192705 citations. The topic is also known as: uniprot:P01266 & thyroglobulin.

Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum The American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Abstract: Pregnancy has a profound impact on the thyroid gland and thyroid function. The gland increases 10% in size during pregnancy in iodine-replete countries and by 20%– 40% in areas of iodine deficiency. Production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) increases by 50%, along with a 50% increase in the daily iodine requirement. These physiological changes may result in hypothyroidism in the later stages of pregnancy in iodine-deficient women who were euthyroid in the first trimester. The range of thyrotropin (TSH), under the impact of placental human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), is decreased throughout pregnancy with the lower normal TSH level in the first trimester being poorly defined and an upper limit of 2.5 mIU/L. Ten percent to 20% of all pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy are thyroid peroxidase (TPO) or thyroglobulin (Tg) antibody positive and euthyroid. Sixteen percent of the women who are euthyroid and positive for TPO or Tg antibody in the first trimester will develop a TSH that exceeds 4.0 mIU/L by the third trimester, and 33%–50% of women who are positive for TPO or Tg antibody in the first trimester will develop postpartum thyroiditis. In essence, pregnancy is a stress test for the thyroid, resulting in hypothyroidism in women with limited thyroidal reserve or iodine deficiency, and postpartum thyroiditis in women with underlying Hashimoto’s disease who were euthyroid prior to conception. Knowledge regarding the interaction between the thyroid and pregnancy/the postpartum period is advancing at a rapid pace. Only recently has a TSH of 2.5 mIU/L been accepted as the upper limit of normal for TSH in the first trimester. This has important implications in regards to interpretation of the literature as well as a critical impact for the clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Although it is well accepted that overt hypothyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism have a deleterious impact on pregnancy, studies are now focusing on the potential impact of subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism on maternal and

The Regulation of Thyroid Function in Pregnancy: Pathways of Endocrine Adaptation from Physiology to Pathology

Abstract: I. Introduction II. The Regulation of Thyroid Function in Normal Pregnancy A. The thyroid hormone transport proteins B. The thyroid hormones 1. Total thyroid hormones 2. Free thyroid hormones 3. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones C. The serum levels of thyroglobulin (TG) D. The metabolism of iodine E. The hypothalamic-pituitary control of thyroid function and the role of hCG 1. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPTA) 2. Regulation of serum TSH 3. Thyrotropic action of hCG F. A global view of thyroidal economy in pregnancy III. Pathological Alterations of Thyroidal Regulation Associated with Pregnancy A. IDD 1. Consequences of iodine deficiency during pregnancy 2. Assessment of increased thyroidal stimulation 3. Gestational goitrogenesis and its prevention by iodine supplementation 4. Consequences of iodine deficiency for the offspring B. Hypothyroidism and pregnancy 1. Fertility and pregnancy outcome in hypothyroid women 2. Thyroid hormone replacement in the hypothyroid pregnant woman 3. Subclin...

Culture of hormone-dependent functional epithelial cells from rat thyroids

Abstract: Primary cultures of rat thyroid cells were made in medium supplemented with 0.1--0.5% calf serum and containing six hormones or growth factors: insulin, thyrotropin, transferrin, hydrocortisone, somatostatin, and glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine acetate. The FRTL strain was purified by successive colonial isolations and was found to maintain highly differentiated features (secretion into the culture medium of physiological amounts of thyroglobulin and concentration of iodide by 100-fold). The FRTL strain has been observed for more than 3 years in continuous culture. It has maintained the same biochemical and morphological characteristics that typified the primary cultures of thyroid follicular cells immediately after their enzymatic release from the rat thyroid. Thyroid epithelial cells that were grown under more conventional cell culture conditions failed to retain these specialized characteristics. We show that maintenance in vitro of these specialized functions of rat thyroid follicular cells is dependent on low serum concentrations and supplementation with hormones in the primary cultures. Our observations indicate that this culture strategem may be aplicable to the general problem of maintenance of differentiated characteristics in cultures of other epithelial cells.

The transcription factor TTF-1 is expressed at the onset of thyroid and lung morphogenesis and in restricted regions of the foetal brain.

Abstract: TTF-1, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, which is required for the specific expression of the thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase gene promoters in differentiated thyroid cell lines, is expressed at the very beginning of rat thyroid differentiation. TTF-1 mRNA is detected in the endodermal cells of the thyroid rudiment in the rat embryo and precedes the expression of the two known target genes by 5 days. No delay is observed between the appearance of TTF-1 mRNA and protein, which shows a clear nuclear localization. In the adult thyroid, TTF-1 is present only in the endoderm-derived follicular cells. Two additional domains of expression of TTF-1 have been observed, the lung and restricted areas of the brain. In the lung, TTF-1 mRNA and protein are also present at the earliest stages of differentiation and are later confined to the bronchial epithelium. In the brain, TTF-1 appears to be restricted to structures of diencephalic origin, including the developing neurohypophysis. The early detection of TTF-1 in the endodermal cells of the thyroid and lung anlage and in restricted neuroblast populations indicates that TTF-1 may have a role in cell determination in these three systems and that additional mechanisms may be involved in the activation of thyroid-specific gene expression.

Estimating risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation: using response to therapy variables to modify the initial risk estimates predicted by the new American Thyroid Association staging system.

Abstract: Background: A risk-adapted approach to management of thyroid cancer requires risk estimates that change over time based on response to therapy and the course of the disease. The objective of this study was to validate the American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk of recurrence staging system and determine if an assessment of response to therapy during the first 2 years of follow-up can modify these initial risk estimates. Methods: This retrospective review identified 588 adult follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer patients followed for a median of 7 years (range 1–15 years) after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation. Patients were stratified according to ATA risk categories (low, intermediate, or high) as part of initial staging. Clinical data obtained during the first 2 years of follow-up (suppressed thyroglobulin [Tg], stimulated Tg, and imaging studies) were used to re-stage each patient based on response to initial therapy (excellent, acceptable, or incomplete). Clinical outcomes...