Showing papers on "Time perception published in 1984"

Timing and time perception

Abstract: Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd timing and time perception to read.

Subjective vs. Objective Time Measures: A Note on the Perception of Time in Consumer Behavior

Abstract: The effect of different temporal and nontemporal cues on individuals' time perception was observed using data on actual and perceived time in retail checkout lines. Findings suggest the importance of considering a time perception approach to consumer behavior.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 423. Timing and Time Perception Held at New York on 10-13 May 1983,

Abstract: : This volume is the result of a conference on Timing and Time Perception, held on May 10-13 1983, by the New York Academy of Sciences. Major topics include: Time Perception; Timing of Motor Programs and Temporal Patterns; Timing in Cognitive Processing and Memory; Rhythmic Patterns and Music; and The Internal Clock.

Time perception and psychological well-being in the elderly.

Abstract: Perception of time is a concept that has interested gerontologists for many years, but why “time flies” as the years go by is not well understood. Two hundred and ninety-six institutionalized and community dwelling elderly (X=75.4 years) were administered a battery of psychological measures to test the relationship between emotional well-being and subjective speed of time. Faster time perceptions were associated with better psychological functioning—less clinical depression, enhanced sense of purpose and control, and “younger” perceived age—while the opposite perception held true for elders with time “on their hands.” Time also moved slower for many institutionalized elders. The clinical implications for treating older people in terms of utilizing their time more effectively and meaningfully are discussed.

The effect of d-amphetamine on short-term memory for time in pigeons

Abstract: The effect of d-amphetamine on pigeons' perception and short-term memory of time was investigated within a delayed symbolic matching to sample paradigm in which pigeons were rewarded for choosing one color after a 1-sec sample and another color after a 5-sec sample. On trials with no delay between sample offset and onset of the choice phase, d-amphetamine produced a bias toward choosing the color that was correct after long samples, suggesting that the birds overestimated the sample durations under amphetamine. With a 20-sec retention delay, d-amphetamine lowered choice accuracy to chance level, suggesting that it impaired the birds' short-term memory for sample durations. It was postulated that an amphetamine-induced increase in the rate of perceptual processing could mediate the effects of amphetamine on both time perception and memory.

Structured time and subjective acceleration of time

Abstract: The present paper gives some evidence that differences in subjective time acceleration with aging are correlated with differences in the extent to which time is structured for the individual, as opposed to free time. Lemlich's 1975 hypothesis relating this speeding up of time to the subjective duration of the time interval was only partially supported by the evidence. Subjective change perceptions of happiness were not correlated significantly with this phenomenon of time perception.

Timing in musical performance.

Abstract: Music exacts a strong discipline of timing from the performer, and it does this in a rather subtle way. It is constructed on an abstract periodic element, the beat, which has a meter that organizes the beats into recurrent groups, called bars or measures, and assigns accents to certain beats in each group. The durations of notes and rests in the music are given as multiples or divisions of the beat interval. Thus, the rhythms in a piece of music are temporal patterns of sound and silence, with emphasis given to notes falling on accented beats. A recommended speed of playing the music is given in its score by a tempo marking, a beat rate or a relatively vague Italian term, such as andante or allegro. The subtle point is that this formal timing information is given on the unwritten understanding that the player should be willing to distort it to give expressive life to the performance. However, such distortion should not be arbitrary, but rather should aim at revealing the underlying structure and meaning of the music. Different players may give different expressive forms to the same piece of music, and so the requirement is an ambiguous one; nevertheless, one can discriminate appropriate forms from those that are inappropriate or merely rhetorical. A musical training consists largely of learning to express the music of different composers and periods. Povel’ gives an illustration of the expressive variety among leading exponents of the harpischord in their recordings of the same Bach prelude. A technically interesting though unmusical way to think of a piece of music in the time domain is that it provides a schedule for all the notes to be played in a performance. Once the player begins to play, he or she is locked into this schedule until a major pause in the music is reached. There is an elasticity in the schedule to allow for expression, but in a public performance the rhythm should be preserved even if wrong notes are played. An extra timing constraint is introduced when musicians play in an ensemble. The idea of music as a schedule can be strongly conveyed in a computer printout of the performance: if it contains a time track and played notes are recorded against this, then comparing these with the score there is an immediate sense of the notes arriving in sequence at their appointed times. In musical performance, then, we have an opportunity to study some of the most complex forms of timing. The purpose here is to describe some performances and to model the timing mechanisms. Data on timing in a musical performance can be obtained by carrying out filtering operations on a sound recording so that the attack transients of note onsets can be determined.’+ With percussive instruments one can use optical methods to detect the moments at which the striking elements produce sounds. This has been used to study drumming2’ and piano ~ l a y i n g . ~ . ~ The work at Iowa reported by Seashore obtained a record of hammer movements by filming onto a moving strip of calibrated film. We have used small photocells, placed in pairs opposite each hammer to detect its movements. Coded signals from the cells are fed into a computer, where they are

Time Perception And Long-Term Risks

Abstract: This paper reviews the psychological aspects of long-term risks and time. The role played by the time dimension has not been systematically investigated in most earlier studies of risk perception. However, the tirtfe aspect of risk can be identified in a factor space describing the fundamental components of risk perception. Experiments on the experience of fast and present time are described, and the results from these studies are related to futjjre time perception. Different people tend to have different time orientations (in terms of attention paid to past, present, and future time) and different time horizons (th,e maximum time ahead that one is concerned with). There seem to be few indisputable results valid across different content areas (e.g., health, economy, environment), and therefore it seems reasonable to talk about a number of specific time horizons, each one depending on the particular area under consideration. Cultural aspects are important in understanding time perception, and there...

Processing of rhythmic sound structures by birds.

Abstract: This article reports some observations on a mechanism fundamental for the adaptive behavior of both humans and animals, namely, the perception and processing of temporally organized acoustic information. For people this capacity assures that speech will be produced and understood, and that the rhythms of music will be heard and appreciated. For animals, vocalization and other forms of time-organized sound production and reception play an important role in social interaction and communication. This is true for the temporally structured sound patterns produced by crickets, and it is equally true for the complex, meaningful acoustic signals represented by the calls of monkeys and rats, and the songs of birds and whales.

Subjective duration in rats: the psychophysical function.

Abstract: where 9 refers to subjective and C#I to physical duration. Consider FIGURE I . The two upper panels describe subjective duration as functions of physical duration. One derives from an experiment with a human observer, the other from rat No. 3. The agreement of the black points with the curves indicates the goodness of fit. Both psychophysical functions build on the parallel-clock model and are derived from duration reproduction data. Let me briefly recapitulate the parallel-clock model. A thorough description will be found in Eider,’ with further clarifications in a subsequent paper.’ In the present duration reproduction task, the observer is presented with the standard duration, which is indicated by a sound. After a short interruption, the sound starts again and is terminated by a microswitch (or a lever) being pressed when he, she, or it experiences the second duration as equal to the first. According to the parallel-clock model, the observer deals with two subjective quantities, namely, the subjective durations corresponding to (1) the total duration from the start of the standard to the end of the reproduction (& = C#J~ + &), and (2) the reproduction (&), that is, the variable response duration determined by the observer (4 denotes physical time in sec, and the subscripts S, V, and T denote standard, variable, and total, respectively). These subjective durations are assumed to be accumulated in two separate sensory registers (“clocks”), hence the name parallel-clock model. The second duration is experienced as equal to the first when the difference between the total subjective duration $T and the variable subjective duration

Time perception: discussion paper.

Abstract: Perhaps the most obvious contrast in quality of timing is that between human and animal performance. In both cases considerable evidence is provided that mean times are quite accurate and that, to a first approximation anyhow, all distributions of normalized responses are the same. However, substantial differences exist between the animal and human data in the magnitude of the relative variability: the Weber fraction for the human data runs a t about 5% and for the animals nearer to However, in a t least two respects these two classes of data are not comparable. First, the ranges over which they have been studied do not overlap, being between tens of milliseconds and a few seconds for the humans and from seconds to tens of seconds for the animals. Second, the pressure in the human experiments has been for precision of performance and it is far from clear that the animal studies have been designed with that in mind. The consquences for an animal who does not exhibit exact timing are really not very severe, being nothing worse than some unrewarded responding. Perhaps it would be useful for someone doing animal studies to attempt to establish the limits of their performance, which we have no reason to expect to be worse by an order of magnitude than that of people. And in the other camp, perhaps it would be useful to determine whether the 5% figure continues to hold into the region of tens of seconds. I do not underestimate the difficulties and effort required in each case, but both questions seem important. All of us have been astonished by the precision of timing that Kristofferson and his associates have managed to achieve, and until he demonstrated it 15 years ago few of us would have anticipated that the variability in timing would remain constant or nearly so over any substantial region. What is new in the present data, and even more surprising, is the series of plateaus in estimates of the period of the clock (see below), which are spaced by factors of two over intervals that increase by factors of two. This, it seems to me, has important implications for modeling, to which I now turn.

Rehearsal of temporal visual information.

Abstract: This study compared the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under either subject-defined or experimenter-defined rehearsal. Subjects were presented visual durations of 1 and 4 sec. and then required to reproduce these durations following a 15-sec. retention interval. To help maintain the durations in memory, subjects were asked to use either a conscious cognitive strategy or a mental counting strategy. It was predicted that experimenter-defined rehearsal would show less forgetting, as measured by variable error, but this prediction was not supported. There also was no evidence of any response bias or context effects in the temporal reproductions. These results were compared with two previous studies that utilized similar cognitive strategies.

Binocular locus of brain hemisphere reversal of time information effect in schizophrenia.

Abstract: Investigated brain hemisphere laterality of time information among 60 schizophrenics and 60 nonschizophrenics. Duration estimation of a single dark dot presented to the left, center and right visual fields was studied with respect to an auditory warning signal of variable duration. Three conclusions were drawn: First, the relation between posterior and prior time information was shown to be that of inverse variation, and this relation was intact among schizophrenics. Second, time information was lateralized toward the left hemisphere among nonschizophrenics and toward the right hemisphere among schizophrenics, which indicates hemispheric reversal of time information as a characteristic of schizophrenia. Third, such hemispheric reversal of time information was confined to binocular, therefore, bilateral, stimulus input.

Lateralization of perception of short time intervals and cortical evoked activity in man

Abstract: Recognition of short time intervals (10, 60, and 180 ms) between visual stimuli presented to the left or right hemisphere was studied in adult healthy people. The interval of 180 ms is recognized better than that of 10 or 60 ms. Learning with repeated tests with 180 ms intervals proceeds better than that with short intervals. The predominance of the left hemisphere has been revealed only for perception of 10 ms interval. The other time intervals asymmetry is not observed. It is suggested that the left hemisphere is predominant in estimation of short (less than 60 ms) time intervals. In formation of time nervous model a significant role is played by local activation of the cortical zone where the standard stimulus is addressed.