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Showing papers on "Titanium published in 1982"


Patent
29 Jun 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, a porous crystalline synthetic material constituted by silicon and titanium oxides, called titanium silicalite or TS-1, is described. But the use of this material as a catalyst is restricted to a specific application, such as alkylation of toluene with methanol or benzene with ethylene or ethanol.
Abstract: This invention relates to a porous crystalline synthetic material constituted by silicon and titanium oxides, a method for synthesizing said material, and the use thereof as a catalyst Said material is given the name titanium silicalite or TS-1, and corresponds to the following formula: xTiOsub2(1-x)SiOsub2 where x lies between 00005 and 004, preferably between 001 and 0025 The material is prepared starting from a mixture constituted by a source of silicon oxide and a source of titanium oxide The reaction takes place in the aqueous phase at a temperature of 130° to 200° C, and the solid product obtained is calcined in air at 550° C The TS-1 can be used for alkylation of toluene with methanol, or benzene with ethylene or ethanol, disproportioning of toluene to produce paraxylol, for cracking, hydrocracking, isomerization of n-paraffins and naphthenes, reforming, isomerization of substituted polyalkyl aromatics, disproportioning of aromatics, conversion of dimethylether and/or methanol or other alcohols to hydrocarbons, polymerization of compounds containing olefine or acetylene bonds, conversion of aliphatic carbonyl compounds into at least partly aromatic hydrocarbons, separation of ethyl benzene from other C 8 aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, methanation, oxidation, dehydration of aliphatic compounds containing oxygen, and conversion of olefines into compounds of high octane number

459 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a monodisperse TiO2 powders were synthesized by controlled hydrolysis of dilute alcoholic solutions of titanium alkoxides, and the state of powder aggregation in dispersions and powder packing in the green bodies strongly affected the sintering behavior.
Abstract: Monodisperse TiO2 powders were synthesized by the controlled hydrolysis of dilute alcoholic solutions of titanium alkoxides. The state of powder aggregation in dispersions and powder packing in the green bodies strongly affected the sintering behavior. The sintering of uniformly packed powder compacts resulted in finegrained microstructures with >99% of theoretical density nt temperatures much lower than those required to sinter conventional TiO2 powders.

420 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that tool wear is greatly reduced when adhesion occurs between the tool and the chip, preventing relative sliding at the tool/chip interface, promoted by chemical reaction at the interface.

272 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The corrosion rates of chromium and nickel showed a slight increase, while cobalt and copper dissolved to a very much greater extent in the presence of protein, however, with molybdenum the corrosion was inhibited by protein.
Abstract: The corrosion of the pure metals aluminium, cobalt, copper, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, and titanium and of a cobalt-chromium molybdenum casting alloy has been studied in buffered saline with and without the presence of the proteins serum albumin and fibrinogen. The corrosion of aluminium and titanium was unaffected by the protein. The corrosion rates of chromium and nickel showed a slight increase, while cobalt and copper dissolved to a very much greater extent in the presence of protein. However, with molybdenum the corrosion was inhibited by protein.

238 citations


Patent
07 Sep 1982
TL;DR: In this article, a layer of a metal such as tin or aluminum which has been bombarded with ions of a light species such as nitrogen, carbon, boron, or neon is used to migrate into the titanium or titanium alloy.
Abstract: Bodies made of titanium or its alloys, having surfaces liable to wear, have their wear resistance improved by coating such surfaces with a layer of a metal such as tin or aluminum which has been bombarded with ions of a light species such as nitrogen, carbon, boron, or neon so as to cause the metal to migrate into the titanium or titanium alloy. The modified surface has improved wear resistance and reduced coefficient of friction.

191 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the ESR spectra of noble metals supported on TiO/sub 2/ (anatase) were recorded, and the authors interpreted spillover of H atoms from the metal to the oxide support, and their relevance in connection with photodissociation of water and with strong metal-support interactions is discussed.
Abstract: Hydrogen has been adsorbed on samples of noble metals supported on TiO/sub 2/ (anatase), and their ESR spectra were subsequently recorded. The spectra show reversible formation of Ti/sup 3 +/ ions at room temperature by H/sub 2/ adsorption. The effect is less marked in samples that have been dehydroxylated under vacuum or subjected to previous reduction with H/sub 2/ at T greater than or equal to 200/sup 0/C. The results are interpreted as due to spillover of H atoms from the metal to the oxide support, and their relevance in connection with photodissociation of water and with strong metal-support interactions is discussed.

151 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
G.H. Jonker, E.E. Havinga1
TL;DR: In this paper, the lattice sites of foreign ions and compensating vacancies are established from phase diagrams of ternary oxides and a new compound was found, Ba La4 Ti4 O15 isomorphous with Ba5 Nb4 O 15.

141 citations


BookDOI
01 Jan 1982

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the enthalpies of mixing liquid copper with liquid silver and with solid titanium, zirconium, and hafnium have been measured by high temperature reaction calorimetry at 1371 to 1373 K.
Abstract: The enthalpies of mixing of liquid copper with liquid silver and with solid titanium, zirconium, and hafnium have been measured by high temperature reaction calorimetry at 1371 to 1373 K. A least squares treatment of the data for copper-silver alloys yields the following expression for the molar enthalpy of mixing: ΔHmix = ϰAgϰCu(17.66 − 5.46 ϰAg) kJ mol−1. The enthalpies of solution of solid titanium, zirconium, and hafnium in dilute solutions in liquid copper are all exothermic; the following values were found: -2.0 kJ mol−1 for Ti, -52.5 kJ mol−1 for Zr, and -46.3 kJ mol−1 for Hf. These values are all significantly less exothermic than predicted by the semiempirical theory of Miedema. The enthalpies of formation of congruent melting intermetallic phases in the systems Cu-Ti, Cu-Zr, and Cu-Hf were measured by drop calorimetry or by solution calorimetry in liquid copper. The enthalpies of formation of the solid alloys have been compared with corresponding data for the liquid alloys.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
S.C. Fung1
TL;DR: In this paper, the binding energies of the agglomerated Pt particles were investigated by x-ray diffraction and it was shown that the Pt particles are agglated to ca 100/sup 0/A crystallites.

118 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of maps of Zirconium, Zr and Zr alloys based on it, which are constructed using the method and equations given by Frost and Ashby.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pure titanium and titanium-based alloys were cast into molds of phosphate-bonded silica or magnesia investments using a new casting machine known as the “CASTMATIC”, and the properties of the castings were much better using magnesia, rather than phosphate- bondedsilica, investments.
Abstract: Pure titanium and titanium-based alloys were cast into molds of phosphate-bonded silica or magnesia investments using a new casting machine known as the “CASTMATIC”. The properties of the castings were much better using magnesia, rather than phosphate-bonded silica, investments.

Patent
28 Jul 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the central part of the pin and the lattice are coated with a coating of titanium oxide which protects them against long-term corrosion, and a biodegradable and biocompatible material having a low modulus of elasticity.
Abstract: A titanium or titanium alloy pin for cement-free fixing in a long bone for a joint prosthesis or for bone repair is surrounded by a lattice of titanium wire with a mesh size of at least 0.3 mm. The central part of the pin and the lattice are coated with a coating of titanium oxide which protects them against long-term corrosion. The lattice is further coated with a biodegradable and biocompatible material having a low modulus of elasticity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the color of titanium nitride films deposited by reactive dc magnetron sputtering has been investigated as a function of elemental composition obtained by Auger analysis, and various colors obtained are specified in terms of dominant wavelength, purity, and brightness from results obtained by spectrophotometric measurements.
Abstract: The color of titanium nitride films deposited by reactive dc magnetron sputtering has been investigated as a function of elemental composition obtained by Auger analysis. At an average target current density of 44 mA cm−2 the nitrogen flow rate was varied from 0.02 Pa m2 s−1 to 0.06 Pa m2s−1 while argon flow was fixed such that a flow rate of 0.11 Pa m3s−1 resulted in a system pressure of 1.33 Pa. Hence average film growth rates at the substrate plane 4.75 cm away varied from 3000 A/min to 600 A/min as the target surface changed from titanium to titanium nitride. The various colors obtained are specified in terms of dominant wavelength, purity, and brightness from results obtained by spectrophotometric measurements. The values are compared with sputtered 18 kt gold. It is found that changes in elemental composition as a result of incorporation of background reactive gases other than nitrogen as the metal sputtering rate and substrate bias is changed, has a profound effect on color and also on other proper...

Patent
12 Nov 1982
TL;DR: A process for producing olefin polymers or copolymers which comprises polymerizing olefins and copolymerizing polymers with each other or with dienes in the presence of a catalyst system composed of the following components (A), (B) and (C): (A) a solid titanium catalyst component containing magnesium, titanium, halogen and an ester selected from the group consisting of esters of polycarboxylic acids and estersof polyhydroxy compounds, said catalyst component being obtained by contacting a liquid hydrocarbon solution of a
Abstract: A process for producing olefin polymers or copolymers which comprises polymerizing olefins or copolymerizing olefins with each other or with dienes in the presence of a catalyst system composed of the following components (A), (B) and (C): (A) a solid titanium catalyst component containing magnesium, titanium, halogen and an ester selected from the group consisting of esters of polycarboxylic acids and esters of polyhydroxy compounds, said catalyst component being obtained by contacting a liquid hydrocarbon solution of (i) a magnesium compound with (ii) a titanium compound in the liquid state to form a solid product or first preparing a liquid hydrocarbon solution of the magnesium compound (i) and the titanium compound (ii) and then forming a solid product therefrom, said reaction of forming the solid product being carried out in the presence of (D) at least one electron donor selected form the group consisting of monocarboxylic acid esters, aliphatic carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid anhydrides, ketones, aliphatic ethers, aliphatic carbonates, alkoxy group-containing alcohols, aryloxy group-containing alcohols, organic silicon compounds having an Si-O-C bond and organic phosphorus compounds having a P-O-C bond, and during or after the formation of the solid product, contacting the solid product with (E) and ester selected from the group consisting of esters of polycarboxylic acids and esters of polyhydroxy compounds, (B) and organometallic compound of a metal selected from the group consisting of metals of Groups I to III of the periodic table, and (C) and organic silicon compound having an Si-O-Cbond or Si-N-C bond;and a solid titanium catalyst component used therefor.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between the growth and the colour of the anodic film is studied in a 1 M H 2 SO 4 solution and mathematical theories are developed for the kinetics of growth of anodic films and for the colours of this film.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the composition of the initial alcoholic solutions on the gelation of the silica materials and the effect of using different titanium compounds on the formation of silica-titania gels and glasses were investigated.
Abstract: Clear monolithic samples of silica and silica-titania glasses were prepared by the sol-gel process from alkoxides as starting materials. The effects of the composition of the initial alcoholic solutions on the gelation of the silica materials and the effects of using different titanium compounds on the formation of silica-titania gels and glasses were investigated. DTA and TGA revealed losses of water and organic volatiles during heat treatment of the gels at lower temperatures (up to 400°C) and the glass transformation and crystallization behaviour at higher temperatures (up to 1500°C). The effects of using atmospheres with varying oxygen contents on the DTA peaks caused by oxidation reactions were also studied. Structural changes occurring during heat treatment were monitored by infra-red spectroscopy which indicated that the water contents of the glasses after heat treatment to 900°C were about 1000 ppm. Transmission electron microscopy of ion beam thinned foils of a 80 SiO220TiO2 composition showed a microstructure of extremely fine pores for heat treatments up to 1000°C. However, after extended heat treatments above 950–1000°C, the porosity appeared to decrease and a high concentration of fine crystallites of anatase (approximately 100 A in diameter) embedded in a silica-rich glass matrix were obtained.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of a titanium addition to the matrix on the superconducting properties and the metallurgical aspects of the composite-processed Nb3Sn have been studied in this article.
Abstract: The effects of a titanium addition to the matrix on the superconducting properties and the metallurgical aspects of the composite‐processed Nb3Sn have been studied. The titanium added to the matrix is found to diffuse readily into the Nb3Sn layer. The small amount of the titanium addition to the matrix significantly increases the growth rate and the critical current density Jc in high magnetic fields of the Nb3Sn layer. A Jc(Nb3Sn layer) of over 1×105 A/cm2 has been obtained at 16 T for the Nb/Cu‐7 at. % Sn‐0.35 at. % Ti composite wire reacted at 750 °C for 100 h. The titanium addition to the matrix may be practically more promising than the titanium addition to the core.





Patent
22 Jun 1982
TL;DR: In this article, a process for the preparation of the former catalyst component of a catalyst for the polymerization of olefins composed of a titanium-based catalyst component and an organo aluminium compound is disclosed, which process comprises suspending (a) a fatty acid salt of magnesium and (b) dialkoxymagnesium into (c) a liquid halogenated hydrocarbon to form a first suspension, and adding said first suspension to (d) a titanium halide of the general formula: TiX4, wherein X represents a halogen atom, to be contacted for
Abstract: A process for the preparation of the former catalyst component of a catalyst for the polymerization of olefins composed of a titanium-based catalyst component and an organo aluminium compound is disclosed, which process comprises suspending (a) a fatty acid salt of magnesium and (b) dialkoxymagnesium into (c) a liquid halogenated hydrocarbon to form a first suspension, and adding said first suspension to (d) a titanium halide of the general formula: TiX4, wherein X represents a halogen atom, to be contacted for reaction to form a first reaction mixture, (e) an electron donor compound being present in at least one of the first suspension, the titanium halide and the first reaction mixture; or suspending the dialkoxymagnesium into the liquid halogenated hydrocarbon to form a second suspension, and adding said second suspension to a mixture of the titanium halide and the fatty acid salt of magnesium to be contacted for reaction to form a second reaction mixture, the electron donor compound being present in at least one of the second suspension, the mixture of the titanium halide and the fatty acid salt of magnesium, and the second reaction mixture. In the polymerization of olefins by use of the former catalyst component, both the amount of catalyst residues in the produced polymer and halogen content therein are greatly reduced with high polymerization activity per unit weight of the former catalyst component and with high yield of stereoregular polymer.

Book
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an analysis of the effect of different chemical and heat treatment on the physical properties of two-phase Titanium Alloys, including the effects of different types of heat treatments on the properties of each of them.
Abstract: Decomposition of the Martensite in Two-Phase Titanium Alloys- The Investigation of the Titanium Structure after Shock Wave Loading- Embrittlement and "Spontaneous" Cracking of a Hardened (?+?) Titanium Alloy during Aging- Transformation in Unstable Beta-Titanium Alloys- Internal Friction Studies in Stable and Metastable Beta Titanium Alloys- Aging Characteristics of Beta Titanium Alloys- Decomposition of the Solid Solution the The All-Beta ?III- Martensite Formation and Decomposition in Alloys of Titanium Containing ?-Stabilizing Elements- An Evaluation of Direct Aging to Achieve Optimum Mechanical Properties for the Metastable Beta Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al Alloy- Intensification of Chemical-Thermal Treatment of Titanium and Its Alloys- Effect of Boronising on Adhesive Wear Characteristics of Titanium- Antiseizing Properties of Titanium Alloys under Different Chemical and Heat Treatment- Discussion- Critical Review Influence of Technological Factors on Structure and Properties of Titanium Alloys- Structure of Semifinished Alpha + Beta Titanium Alloy Products- Influence of the Parameters of a Laminated Structure on the Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloys- Methods of Refining Coarse-Grained Structures of Titanium Alloys- The Influence of Polygonized Structure on the Properties of Heat-Treated Beta Titanium Alloys- Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Structural Changes Hot Deformation of Titanium Alloys- Influence of Forging Skin on Fatigue Strength of die Forgings in Ti-6a1-4v Material- The Influence of Hydrogen on Hot Deformability of Titanium Alloys with Different Phase Compositions- The Effect of Some Technological Factors on the Structure and Properties of the Equiatomic Titanium-Nickel Alloy- Thermomechanical Properties and Stress Corrosion of RMI Ti-3A1-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr- Texture Development in ?+ss Titanium Alloys- The Effect of Phase Transformation on Deformation Texture of ? and (? + ss) Titanium Alloys- The Formation of Recrystallization Texture in Ti-Al Alloys- Recrystallization of Ti-Mo Base Beta Alloys- Annealing Behavior and Strengthening of Ti-6a1-2sn- Influence of Grain Size on the Ductility of Age-Hardened Titanium Alloys- Processing and Deformation Studies on Ultrafine Grained Titanium- Effects of Texture on Deep Drawability of Commercially Pure Titanium Sheet- Influence of Processing and Heat Treatment on the Anisotropic Properties of Sheet and Strip of Commercially Pure Titanium- Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Plates- Effect of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties in an Alpha-Beta Titanium- The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Strength of Ti-6A1-4V- Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of IMI 685- A Comparative Study of Creep Resistance and Thermal Stability of Alloys "685" and "6242" in Air and in Vacuum- Effects of TiA16V4 Metallurgical Structures on Fatigue Properties- The Effect of Variations in Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of an ?+ss Titanium Alloy IMI 550 (Ti-4A1-2Sn-4Mo-05Si)- Heat Treatment of Cast Ti-6A1-4V Alloy- On Titanium Alloy Residual Stress Following Thermodiffusion Saturation- Discussion- Critical Review Titanium Alloys for Different Branches of Engineering- Critical Review Titanium for Engineering Purposes- Trends in the Development of High-Strength Titanium Alloys- Principles of Titanium Alloys Complex Alloying- A Titanium Alloy with Improved Mechanical Resistance Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn-6Zr- Effect of Impurities on the Working Ability of Ti-6A1-4V Type Alloy- Ti-6A1-4V for Marine Uses- Development of a New Moderate Strength, High Fracture Toughness Titanium Alloy: Ti-45A1-5Mo-L5Cr (Corona 5)- The Metallurgical Synthesis of a New Generation of Deep Hardenable Titanium Alloys The Metastable Beta Ti-Mo-V-Cr-Al System - Cracking of a Hardened (?+?) Titanium Alloy during Aging- Transformation in Unstable Beta-Titanium Alloys- Internal Friction Studies in Stable and Metastable Beta Titanium Alloys- Aging Characteristics of Beta Titanium Alloys- Decomposition of the Solid Solution the The All-Beta ?III- Martensite Formation and Decomposition in Alloys of Titanium Containing ?-Stabilizing Elements- An Evaluation of Direct Aging to Achieve Optimum Mechanical Properties for the Metastable Beta Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al Alloy- Intensification of Chemical-Thermal Treatment of Titanium and Its Alloys- Effect of Boronising on Adhesive Wear Characteristics of Titanium- Antiseizing Properties of Titanium Alloys under Different Chemical and Heat Treatment- Discussion- Critical Review Influence of Technological Factors on Structure and Properties of Titanium Alloys- Structure of Semifinished Alpha + Beta Titanium Alloy Products- Influence of the Parameters of a Laminated Structure on the Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloys- Methods of Refining Coarse-Grained Structures of Titanium Alloys- The Influence of Polygonized Structure on the Properties of Heat-Treated Beta Titanium Alloys- Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Structural Changes Hot Deformation of Titanium Alloys- Influence of Forging Skin on Fatigue Strength of die Forgings in Ti-6a1-4v Material- The Influence of Hydrogen on Hot Deformability of Titanium Alloys with Different Phase Compositions- The Effect of Some Technological Factors on the Structure and Properties of the Equiatomic Titanium-Nickel Alloy- Thermomechanical Properties and Stress Corrosion of RMI Ti-3A1-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr- Texture Development in ?+ss Titanium Alloys- The Effect of Phase Transformation on Deformation Texture of ? and (? + ss) Titanium Alloys- The Formation of Recrystallization Texture in Ti-Al Alloys- Recrystallization of Ti-Mo Base Beta Alloys- Annealing Behavior and Strengthening of Ti-6a1-2sn- Influence of Grain Size on the Ductility of Age-Hardened Titanium Alloys- Processing and Deformation Studies on Ultrafine Grained Titanium- Effects of Texture on Deep Drawability of Commercially Pure Titanium Sheet- Influence of Processing and Heat Treatment on the Anisotropic Properties of Sheet and Strip of Commercially Pure Titanium- Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Plates- Effect of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties in an Alpha-Beta Titanium- The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Strength of Ti-6A1-4V- Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of IMI 685- A Comparative Study of Creep Resistance and Thermal Stability of Alloys "685" and "6242" in Air and in Vacuum- Effects of TiA16V4 Metallurgical Structures on Fatigue Properties- The Effect of Variations in Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of an ?+ss Titanium Alloy IMI 550 (Ti-4A1-2Sn-4Mo-05Si)- Heat Treatment of Cast Ti-6A1-4V Alloy- On Titanium Alloy Residual Stress Following Thermodiffusion Saturation- Discussion- Critical Review Titanium Alloys for Different Branches of Engineering- Critical Review Titanium for Engineering Purposes- Trends in the Development of High-Strength Titanium Alloys- Principles of Titanium Alloys Complex Alloying- A Titanium Alloy with Improved Mechanical Resistance Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn-6Zr- Effect of Impurities on the Working Ability of Ti-6A1-4V Type Alloy- Ti-6A1-4V for Marine Uses- Development of a New Moderate Strength, High Fracture Toughness Titanium Alloy: Ti-45A1-5Mo-L5Cr (Corona 5)- The Metallurgical Synthesis of a New Generation of Deep Hardenable Titanium Alloys The Metastable Beta Ti-Mo-V-Cr-Al System - design and Properties- Strength and Toughness of Binary Ti-Ni and Ti-Mo Alloys- The Technological Aspects of Titanium Application in the TU-144 Aircraft Structure- Ways of Increasing Titanium Alloys High Temperature Strength- Investigation of Some Properties of VT5L Alloy with Rare Earth Additions- Characteristics of Commercially Pure Titanium for Power Plant- The Effect of Carbon on the Behavior of the Beta-Titanium Alloys- An Investigation of Some Palladium-Titanium Alloys- A Titanium Alloy for Application in Hot Sodium Chloride Solutions- On the Performance of Whole-Titanium Made Turbine Condenser- Manufacture and Properties of Titanium Tubes for Power Station Condensers- Trends in the Use of Titanium in Heat Exchange- Titanium Basket Anodes for Metal Refining and Winning- Recent Advances in Titanium Cathodes- Discussion- Critical Review Powder Metallurgy of Titanium- A Novelty in the Field of Titanium Powder Metallurgy- Production of Die-Forged Discs from BT9 Alloy Powder- Production of Titanium Parts, Apparatus and Machinery by Methods of Powder Metallurgy- Rolling of Titanium Powder and Its Alloys- The Mechanical Properties of P/M Ti-6A1-4V Alloy- Dispersion Hardening of Titanium- Production of High Purity Titanium Powder by Electron Beam Technology- Comparative Evaluation of Forged Ti-6A1-4V Bar Made from Shot Produced by Rep and CSC Processes- Critical Review Titanium Matrix Composites- Investigation of Structure of Titanium Matrix Fiber Composites- Model Composite (Layered) Material on the Basis of Titanium- The Investigation of Solid-Phase Interaction of Titanium with Refractory Compounds- The Influence of Release Agents on Properties of the Titanium Foil Produced by Vacuum Evaporation- The Application of TiC and TiN Thick Films by PVD Processes- Discussion

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the chemical composition of a MgCl2-supported, high-mileage catalyst has been determined at every stage of its preparation, and a mild reaction with a half-mole equivalent of p-cresol (PC) at 50°C for 1 h resulted in near quantitative retention of PC by the support.
Abstract: The chemical composition of a MgCl2-supported, high-mileage catalyst has been determined at every stage of its preparation. Ball milling of MgCl2 with ethyl benzoate (EB) resulted in the incorporation of 95% of the EB present to give MgCl2·EB0.15. A mild reaction with a half-mole equivalent of p-cresol (PC) at 50°C for 1 h resulted in near quantitative retention of p-cresol by the support. The composition is now approximately MgCl2·EB0.15P0.5. Addition of an amount of AlEt3 corresponding to half-mole equivalent of p-cresol liberated one mole of ethane per mole of p-cresol, thus signaling quantitative reaction between the two components. The support contains on the average one ethyl group per Al. Further reaction with TiCl4 resulted in the incorporation of titanium of approximately 8, 38, and 54% in the oxidation states of +2, +3, and +4, respectively. The ratio of Al to Ti in the catalyst lies in the range of 0.5–1.0. Only 19% of all the Ti+3 species in the catalyst can be observed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR); these are attributable to isolated Ti+3 complexes. The remaining EPR silent Ti+3 species are believed to be bridged to another Ti+3 by Cl ligands. The total Cl content is equal to the sum of 2 × Mg + 3 × Al + 3.5 × Ti. Most of the p-cresol moiety apparently disappeared from the support, leaving much of ethyl benzoate in the catalyst. Activation with AlEt3/methyl-p-toluate complex reduces 90% of the Ti+4 in the catalyst to lower oxidation states. The ester apparently moderates the alkylating power of AlEt3 to avoid excessive formation of divalent titanium sites. There appears to be a constant fraction of 1/4–1/5 of the titanium which is isolated and the remainder is in bridged clusters independent of the oxidation states of titanium.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the conditions for the preparation of gels in order to obtain oxide glasses of high homogeneity by low temperature synthesis are discussed with reference to the system TiO2SiO4.
Abstract: The conditions for the preparation of gels in order to obtain oxide glasses of high homogeneity by low temperature synthesis are discussed with reference to the system TiO2SiO4. Three kinds of titanium alkoxides, ethoxide, iso-propoxide and ter-amyloxide, were mixed with silicon methoxide or ethoxide by various methods and were hydrolysed to form gels. Titanium ethoxide was added to an ethanol solution of partially hydrolysed silicon ethoxide. The mixture of titanium iso-propoxide and silicon ethoxide was hydrolysed very slowly by adding distilled water. Titanium ter-amyloxide, the rate of hydrolysis of which is supposed to be much lower than those of ethoxide and methoxide, was mixed with silicon methoxide to be hydrolysed with ammonia water of pH = 11.2 ∼ 11.3. The uniformity of composition in the gels so formed was investigated by measuring the homogeneity of the glasses obtained by melting the mixtures of gels and sodium nitrate for a very short time, i.e., until immediately after the melt became batch free. The gel obtained from titanium ter-amyloxide and silicon methoxide was the most homogeneous, indicating that the employment of alkoxides with a close rate of hydrolysis is essential for the preparation of glass of high homogeneity by the low temperature process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The X-ray crystal structure of [Ti(Me2PCH2CH2PMe2)EtCl3]-1 has been studied in this article, where a direct bonding interaction between the titanium atom and the β-C-H system is proposed.
Abstract: The X-ray crystal structure of [Ti(Me2PCH2CH2PMe2)EtCl3](1) shows that the Ti–C–C angle and the Ti–C(methyl) distance of the Ti–Et moiety are 85.9(6)° and 2.516(10)A, respectively and that the Ti–H–C (methyl) distances are 2.29(Ti–H) and 1.02(H–C)A a direct bonding interaction between the titanium atom and the β-C–H system is proposed.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1982-Analyst
TL;DR: In this article, the use of a graphite rod direct sample insertion device for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry has been described, and the performance of this device has been compared with that of an argon-0.1% Freon 23 mixture as injector gas.
Abstract: Further preliminary studies of analytical performance are described for the use of a graphite rod direct sample insertion device for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The volatilisation of uranium, zirconium, titanium, molybdenum, boron, chromium, zinc, silver and copper from this direct sample insertion device is discussed; the use of an argon-0.1% Freon 23 mixture as injector gas permits the efficient volatilisation of refractory carbide-forming elements. Using this mixture, improvements in the detection limits of more than two orders of magnitude have been obtained for uranium, zirconium and titanium.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the optical properties of titanium nitrides and carbonitrides have been analyzed by the Drude-Lorentz model of the dielectric function and interpreted with a simple semirigid bands model.