Topic
Toad
About: Toad is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1624 publications have been published within this topic receiving 28732 citations.
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TL;DR: Data show that NO control of mesenteric resistance arteries of toad is provided by nitrergic nerves, rather than the endothelium, and implicate NO as a potentially important regulator of gut blood flow and peripheral blood pressure.
Abstract: This study determined the role of nitric oxide (NO) in neurogenic vasodilation in mesenteric resistance arteries of the toad Bufo marinus. NO synthase (NOS) was anatomically demonstrated in perivas...
16 citations
TL;DR: Comparative bufagenin profiles across the cane toad life cycle suggest that bacterial biotransformation mediates the oxidative adaptation of adult toad bufagenins to hydroxylatedbufagenins encountered in eggs and tadpoles.
Abstract: Cane toads are an invasive pest species in which all life stages employ cardiotoxic bufagenins as a chemical defense against predators. Curiously, the bufagenin profiles of eggs and tadpoles are more complex than those of parotoid secretion, the principle mechanism of toxin delivery in adult toads. In an effort to understand this complexity, we determined that selected strains of adult toad parotoid-gland-associated Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus spp., were capable of biotransforming secreted bufagenins, marinobufagenin (1), telocinobufagenin (2), bufalin (3), and resibufagenin (4), to hydroxylated scaffolds commonly encountered in cane toad eggs and tadpoles. Scaled-up cultivation, preparative chromatography, and detailed spectroscopic analysis identified Bacillus sp. CMB-TD29 biotransformation products of 1, as 11α-hydroxymarinobufagenin (6), 12β-hydroxymarinobufagenin (7), and 17α-hydroxymarinobufagenin (8). Comparative bufagenin profiles across the cane toad life cycle suggest that bacterial biotransformation mediates the oxidative adaptation of adult toad bufagenins to hydroxylated bufagenins encountered in eggs and tadpoles. We speculate that knowledge of a relationship between the cane toad microbiome and bufagenin chemical defenses could inspire the development of a natural, nontoxic, environmentally sustainable bacterial biocontrol for this toxic invasive species.
16 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that amphibian tachykinins cause depressor effects via an NK-1-like receptor which differs substantially from its mammalian counterpart.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used histological analyses to address the mechanism of CoWs prevention of skin gland development, and they found that Cort inhibited skin development indirectly by downregulating the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis.
15 citations
TL;DR: Intravenous injections of mesotocin resulted in increased urine production in the Chilean toad, Calyptocephalella caudiverbera, and the mud puppy, Necturus maculosus, and confirm those reported previously for the bullfrog.
15 citations