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Toad
About: Toad is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1624 publications have been published within this topic receiving 28732 citations.
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01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: The fertility of common toad Bufo bufo on the territory of Kaluga region is reported, where the maximum fertility is 6450 eggs, the minimum one is 242 eggs, and the average one is 2238 ± 1135.
Abstract: The fertility of common toad Bufo bufo on the territory of Kaluga region is reported. The maximum fertility is 6450 eggs, the minimum one is 242 eggs, the average one is 2238 ± 1135. As the body length of common toad increases, the number and diameter of the eggs increases too. Reproductive effort increases with the growth of individuals of common toad, reaching the maximum at 90.7 mm, and then begins to decline.
12 citations
TL;DR: The relationship between the pineal gland and testes of the toad was investigated in breeding and hibernating seasons and it is speculated that the cyclic pineal activity might be responsible for the seasonal variation of spermatogenesis in the toads.
Abstract: The relationship between the pineal gland and testes of the toad was investigated in breeding and hibernating seasons. Pinealectomy increased spermatogenesis in hibernating toads but it failed to exert any effect during the breeding season. The pineals were found to be active during hibernation and atrophied in the breeding season. It is speculated that the cyclic pineal activity might be responsible for the seasonal variation of spermatogenesis in the toad.
12 citations
01 Jan 1980
12 citations
TL;DR: The authors have investigated on the central nervous mechanism in the slow motor system of the toad, and found out spontaneous spike discharges in the brain-stem reticular formation which appeared often simultaneously with spontaneous slow responses in the forelimb muscles.
Abstract: The authors have investigated on the central nervous mechanism in the slow motor system(small-nerve motor system)of the toad,and found out spontaneous spike discharges in the brain-stem reticular formation which appeared often simultaneously with spontaneous slow responses in the forelimb muscles9).During those observations,central discharges in regard to the respiratory action were frequ2ntly recorded also from the reticular formation. In many investigations on mammals,central respiratory discharges have so far been recorded mainly in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata4,21, and recently discharges from the suppokd\"pneumotaxic center\"in the pons were also obtained2,28).Few studies,however,on the respiratory center of frog or toad have been made,because their brains are very small,and their respiratory processes are more complicated.In general,the respiration of a frog is divided into two types,pulmonary and gorge respirations.According to the classification by PROSSER22)the former is regarded as a positive pressure type with ventilation of the lungs and the latter is a primitive one for gas exchange under lower metabolic states22) The gorge respiration has usually been considered to act for ventilation of the air in the gorge chamber,and was termed\"ventilation respiration\" (Ventilierende Atmung)by WEDENSKJI29,who also suggested that the pulmonary respiration consisted of\"swallowing respiration\"(Einpumpende Atmung) and\"disgorging respiration\"(Entleerende Atmung).Recently,the types of respiration of a frog have been classified by OKA16)into four categories;his type 1,type 3 and type 4 may be corresponding to the ventilation,the swallowing and the disgorging respiration respectively,and the type 2 is one newly separated from the above three types as the basic and normal respiration, being attributed to lung ventilation.The normal pulmonary respiration of a toad has been studied electromyographically by SHINKAI and NARITA26)who
12 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that the stretch factor is an important parameter to consider and standardise in future physiological and morpho-functional studies using this model transporting system.
12 citations