Topic
Toad
About: Toad is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1624 publications have been published within this topic receiving 28732 citations.
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Journal Article•
5 citations
TL;DR: Intact intestine of toad demonstrated slow-waves which resembled those of mammalian intestine and were sensitive to changes in external sodium and were eliminated by 1 × 10 −4 M ouabain, suggested that rhythmic slow-spikes of longitudinal smooth muscle of amphibian stomach may result from periodic changes in Ca conductance whereas endogenous electrical waves of intestine may result in rhythmic extrusion of sodium.
Abstract: The intact stomach of the toad initiates rhythmic slow-spikes of 5–15 s duration and frequency of 3-5 min −1 . The spontaneous electrical waves originate in the longitudinal muscle layer; isolated circular muscle is quiescent. Aboral conduction velocity is 0.12–0.9 mm s −1 . Reduction of external sodium concentration from 89.5 to 15 mM produced no effect on slow spikes, although further reduction to 1.5 mM increased frequency and decreased amplitude. Slow-spikes were unaffected by ouabain or by incubation in potassium-free solution. When calcium in the medium was reduced, slow-spike amplitude and frequency decreased. Slow-spikes exhibited a change in amplitude of 16 mV per decade change in Ca O 2+ ; slow-spikes were eliminated at 10 −8 M Ca O 2+ and by blockers of calcium conductance channels. Intact intestine of toad demonstrated slow-waves which resembled those of mammalian intestine. These were sensitive to changes in external sodium and were eliminated by 1 × 10 −4 M ouabain. It is suggested that rhythmic slow-spikes of longitudinal smooth muscle of amphibian stomach may result from periodic changes in Ca conductance whereas endogenous electrical waves of intestine may result from rhythmic extrusion of sodium.
5 citations
TL;DR: In the Japanese toad Bufo japonicus, the larvae were found to be devoid of the ability of responding to the background color as mentioned in this paper, and melanin granules in the dermal melanophores were in a state of constant dispersion independently of the color of the background to which they were subjected.
Abstract: In general, both larval and adult amphibians are known to change their skin color depending on the background color. However, in the Japanese toad Bufo japonicus, the larvae were found to be devoid of the ability of responding to the background color. Melanin granules in the dermal melanophores were in a state of constant dispersion independently of the color of the background to which they were subjected. Pharmacological and histochemical studies revealed that in the toad tadpoles, melanophore-stimulating hormone is being released without inhibition, presumably because innervation of catecholaminergic fibers in the intermediate lobe is incomplete until they finish metamorphosis. Biological significance of the dark color of Bufo tadpoles is discussed in conjunction with another characteristic that they have a tendency to aggregate to form a dense black mass.
5 citations
Patent•
29 Jul 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a method for collecting selenium enriched toad skins is proposed. But the method is not suitable for the preservation of the skin of a single toad.
Abstract: The invention provides a method for collecting selenium enriched toad skins. A toad culture stage comprises the following steps: adding the fodder with the high selenium content 5 to 7 days after the tadpole period, and culturing phycophyta with the high selenium content in the tadpole pond; feeding the bait with the high selenium content and matched fodder in the child toad period; and applying selenium enriched fertilizer to the terrestrial soil of the adult toad pond according to the dosage of 0.4 to 0.6 kg/hm, planting farm crops or vegetables, and feeding artificially cultured bait. A toad skin collecting stage comprises the following steps: adding selenium enriched yeast into the water of an ecdysis pond so as to prevent the selenium contained by the toad from losing; drying the toad skin to the water content less than or equal to 5 percent; and packaging the toad skin into bags after the disinfection through ultraviolet rays so as to obtain the selenium enriched toad skin. The method adds the selenium enriched bait and provides a selenium enriched growing environment in the toad culture process from the child toad to the adult toad, thereby making the toad enriching selenium, and ensuring no loss of selenium in the ecdysis process. Therefore, the toad skin has the high selenium content. The method remarkably improves the medical and functional value of the toad skin.
5 citations
Patent•
26 Oct 2005
TL;DR: A freeze-dried powder injection of toad venom is prepared from the extract of the toad's venom, HP-beta-CD and medicinal auxiliary as discussed by the authors, which can be used to inject the poison into humans.
Abstract: A freeze-dried powder injection of toad venom is prepared from the extract of toad venom, HP-beta-CD and medicinal auxiliary.
5 citations