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Toad
About: Toad is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1624 publications have been published within this topic receiving 28732 citations.
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TL;DR: The present results indicate that the brain of Bufo bufo japonicus, as well as the UBG, contains a physiologically active CT, which may suggest that immunoreactive CT (iCT) in the anuran brain is neither a precursor molecule of some hormones nor a non-calcitonin substance having immunologically similar properties to CT.
Abstract: Extracts of the brain, adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis and the ultimobranchial gland (UBG) of the toad, Bufo bufo japonicus, were examined for their calcitonin potency in rat bioassay. The brain extract caused hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic responses typical of calcitonin (CT). The ultimobranchial extract showed high hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic potencies. The hypocal cemic potency of the former was equivalent to 275 mU of salmon CT per kg body weight and the latter 540 mU of salmon CT per kg body weight. The extracts of the adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis and the sciatic nerve, which was used as a control, did not cause any hypocalcemic response. Neither acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline nor serotonin showed any CT potency. The present results indicate that the brain of Bufo bufo japonicus, as well as the UBG, contains a physiologically active CT. This may suggest that immunoreactive CT (iCT) in the anuran brain is neither a precursor molecule of some hormones nor a non-calcitonin substance having immunologically similar properties to CT.
TL;DR: In this paper , a detailed study of anatomy and biophysics of the middle ear with measurements of auditory sensitivity across age in post-metamorphic natterjack toads (Epidalea calamita) was made.
Abstract: ABSTRACT In most anuran amphibians, acoustic communication is of prime importance for mate localization and selection. The tympanic middle ear increases auditory sensitivity and directionality and is therefore expected to be favoured by natural selection. However, especially within the family of true toads (Bufonidae) there is a tendency for species to lose parts of the middle ear apparatus and consequently have a reduced sensitivity to high-frequency sounds (above 1 kHz). Part of the explanation for this may be that development of the middle ear is especially slow in bufonids, and thus the middle ear would be more likely to be lost or non-functional in paedomorphic species. However, a timeline of development of the middle ear has not been established previously. The goal of the present study was to investigate middle ear development in a toad species that has a well-known natural history and acoustic communication behaviour. We made a detailed study of anatomy and biophysics of the middle ear with measurements of auditory sensitivity across age in post-metamorphic natterjack toads (Epidalea calamita). The tadpoles and toadlets were raised in the laboratory, so their exact age was known, their auditory sensitivity was measured using auditory brainstem responses, and middle ear development and function were assessed by anatomical studies and laser vibrometry. We found that the developmental stage of the middle ear depends on the size of the toad rather than its age. The middle ear was functional at the earliest at a snout–vent length of 40 mm, which for these toads was around 500 days post-metamorphosis, close to the time of first reproduction. The functional, adult-like middle ear was shown to have 30 dB increased sensitivity to the dominant frequency of the mating call compared with sensitivities measured in newly metamorphosed individuals.
TL;DR: In this paper , a datasheet on Pipa pipa covers Identity, Distribution, and Distribution of Pipa Pipa Pipes, including a detailed description of the pipa's components.
Abstract: This datasheet on Pipa pipa covers Identity, Distribution.