Topic
Toad
About: Toad is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1624 publications have been published within this topic receiving 28732 citations.
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TL;DR: Toad splenic lymphocytes undergo blastogenic conversion in vitro in response to both phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogeneic splenocytes, and the maximum response to PHA and to alloantigens varies from toad to toad, and is influenced by the type of serum used to supplement the culture medium.
Abstract: Toad splenic lymphocytes undergo blastogenic conversion in vitro in response to both phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogeneic splenocytes. At 26°C, maximum incorporation of tritiated thymidine occurs on day 3 in response to PHA, and on day 7 in a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The response to PHA is concentration-dependent. The maximum response to PHA and to alloantigens varies from toad to toad, and is influenced by the type of serum used to supplement the culture medium. More lymphocytes cultured with xenogeneic serum and PHA undergo mitosis than those cultured with PHA and allogeneic serum. In contrast, allogeneic serum suppresses transformation in the MLC.
34 citations
TL;DR: The 31P spectra from whole frog skin reflect the intracellular compositions of the epithelial cells, whereas subepithelial elements contribute significantly to the total observed 31P signals from toad bladder.
Abstract: The intracellular phosphate composition of whole and split frog skins has been studied by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The spectra were similar to those previously recorded from isolated epithelial cells of toad bladder. However, qualitative differences were noted in comparison with spectra from whole toad bladder. The 31P spectra from whole frog skin reflect the intracellular compositions of the epithelial cells, whereas subepithelial elements contribute significantly to the total observed 31P signals from toad bladder. Analyzed at 4 degrees C, the average phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP concentrations of frog skin are of similar magnitude. The ratio of [PCr] to [ATP + ADP] depends on time, tissue oxygen tension, temperature, and extracellular inorganic phosphate concentration. Both this ratio and the short-circuit current (measured in parallel experiments) fell during the course of aerating frog skins in Ringer solution at room temperature. The intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) signal was identified. After reduction of extracellular pH, the signal did not shift immediately but subsequently did undergo an acid shift.
34 citations
TL;DR: Vertebrates above the evolutionary level of amphibians respond to hydrocortisone injections with an increase in liver tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase, and vertebrates at the amphibian level or below failed to show this response.
34 citations
TL;DR: The data support the hypothesis that the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life causes a switch of the GST amphibian pattern promoting the expression of a GST form able to counteract, with higher efficiency, the toxic effects of reactive metabolites of oxidative metabolism and those of hydrophobic xenobiotics.
34 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that an increase in salt concentrations in the animal medium from 0 to 1.2% decreased the levels of DLC in the brain by 50% without altering significantly its levels in the plasma and skin, while the plasma compound either participates in the short-term regulations of salt and water homeostasis or has some other, unknown, function.
34 citations