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Toad
About: Toad is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1624 publications have been published within this topic receiving 28732 citations.
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TL;DR: Evidence is provided that the kidney of B. marinus contains both NPR-C and NPR-GC and that the glomerulus is potentially the principal site of ANP regulation in the kidneys.
22 citations
TL;DR: It was found that tetrodotoxin in doses of up to 5 x lo4 g/ml failed to cause any reduction of the contraction of the toad intestine caused by splanchnic nerve stimulation, and the response of the intestine was abolished by cutting the splan Schnic nerves between the stimulating electrodes and the muscle.
Abstract: During an investigation of the innervation of the gut of the toad (Bufo marinus), it was found that the excitatory responses of the isolated small intestine to splanchnic nerve stimulation were resistant to blockade by a wide variety of autonomic blocking drugs, including the local anaesthetic drugs procaine and cinchocaine. To check whether this response was due to a direct spread of the stimulating current to the muscle, the drug tetrodotoxin was applied. Tetrodotoxin is known to prevent the specific sodium conductance change during the action potential in nerve fibres (Narahashi, Moore & Scott, 1964; Nakamura, Nakajima & Grundfest, 1965; Kao, 1966; Takata, Moore & others, 1966), and on the other hand it has only minimal effects on action potentials in vertebrate smooth muscles (Bulbring & Tomita, 1966; Kuriyama, Osa & Toida, 1966). Because of these properties it has been possible to use tetrodotoxin to give an effective “denervation” of vertebrate smooth muscle preparations (Gershon, 1966, 1967; Bulbring & Tomita, 1966; Bell, 1968), a concentration of 5 x lo-’ g/ml sufficing to do this. However, in the present experiments it was found that tetrodotoxin in doses of up to 5 x lo4 g/ml failed to cause any reduction of the contraction of the toad intestine caused by splanchnic nerve stimulation (Fig. 1). On the other hand, the response of the intestine was abolished by cutting the splanchnic nerves between the stimulating electrodes and the muscle.
22 citations
TL;DR: Maximakinin has thus evolved as a "smart" defensive weapon in the toad with receptor/tissue selective targeting and can potentially provide new insights for the design of selectively targeted peptide therapeutics.
22 citations
22 citations
TL;DR: The pancreatic islet tissue of the toad, Bufo bufo, has been investigated by a recently developed staining sequence and by histochemical methods, and 2 types of amphiphils were seen.
22 citations