Topic
Toad
About: Toad is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1624 publications have been published within this topic receiving 28732 citations.
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TL;DR: The vasopressin-mediated water flux across the toad bladder not only constitutes a final effect of the hormone in this tissue, but also participates crucially in the overall inhibitory process which limits the duration and decreases the extent of the hormones action.
20 citations
TL;DR: Hypothalamic lesions greatly reduce the renal and cutaneous responses of toads to dehydration or salt loading and Adenohypophysectomy reduces the renal response to exogenous neurohypophyyseal hormone.
20 citations
TL;DR: Three continuous lines of cultured cells derived from toad urinary bladder and toad kidney are described in which aldosterone increases active Na+ transport but does not increase the activity of citrate synthase, indicating that in cultured cells at least, citrates synthase is not a critical enzyme for, or a suitable marker of, ald testosterone stimulation of Na+ Transport.
20 citations
TL;DR: A change in the chloride equilibrium potential or chloride conductance of the basal membrane mediates the delayed basal response in the toad Bufo marinus.
20 citations
TL;DR: The results revealed that phagocytic and lytic functions of the adherent blood cells collected from sublethal lead-injected toads and incubated with suspensions of Candida pseudotropicalis were affected negatively, and the evaluation of these parameters might be a reliable tool for the biological monitoring of the immune status of amphibians.
Abstract: Lead is an element of risk for the environment and human health and has harmful effects that may exceed those of other inorganic toxicants. The immune system is one of the targets of lead. Its immunomodulatory actions depend on the level of exposure, and it has been demonstrated that environmental amounts of the metal alter immune function. Very little information is available regarding the effect of the metal on different aspects of the immune system of lower vertebrates, in particular of amphibians. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sublethal lead (as acetate) on the function of polymorphonuclear cells of Bufo arenarum. The results revealed that phagocytic and lytic functions of the adherent blood cells collected from sublethal lead-injected toads and incubated with suspensions of Candida pseudotropicalis were affected negatively. The decrease of the phagocytic activity was correlated with increased blood lead levels (P < 0.0001). Additional information referred to the total and differential leukocyte counts was presented; the only difference found was in the number of blast-like cells that resulted augmented in the samples of lead-injected toads. It was concluded that the evaluation of these parameters might be a reliable tool for the biological monitoring of the immune status of amphibians.
20 citations