Topic
Toll
About: Toll is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4222 publications have been published within this topic receiving 41443 citations.
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TL;DR: The London/New York Dialogues conference as mentioned in this paper was held in London in 2008 and it was already clear that the crisis in the financial markets was going to take a heavy toll on the economies of...
Abstract: When the London/New York Dialogues conference took place in London in November 2008, it was already clear that the crisis in the financial markets was going to take a heavy toll on the economies of...
766 citations
TL;DR: The current literature on the Toll pathway is reviewed and the Drosophila and mammalian NF-κB pathways are compared to help clarify the role of Toll receptors in the immune system.
Abstract: The identification of the Drosophila melanogaster Toll pathway cascade and the subsequent characterization of TLRs have reshaped our understanding of the immune system. Ever since, Drosophila NF-κB signaling has been actively studied. In flies, the Toll receptors are essential for embryonic development and immunity. In total, nine Toll receptors are encoded in the Drosophila genome, including the Toll pathway receptor Toll. The induction of the Toll pathway by gram-positive bacteria or fungi leads to the activation of cellular immunity as well as the systemic production of certain antimicrobial peptides. The Toll receptor is activated when the proteolytically cleaved ligand Spatzle binds to the receptor, eventually leading to the activation of the NF-κB factors Dorsal-related immunity factor or Dorsal. In this study, we review the current literature on the Toll pathway and compare the Drosophila and mammalian NF-κB pathways.
718 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how tolls change after toll facilities adopt electronic toll collection (ETC); they found that drivers are substantially less aware of tolls paid electronically.
Abstract: This paper examines whether the salience of a tax system affects equilibrium tax rates. I analyze how tolls change after toll facilities adopt electronic toll collection (ETC); drivers are substantially less aware of tolls paid electronically. I estimate that, in steady state, tolls are 20 to 40 percent higher than they would have been without ETC. Consistent with a salience-based explanation for this toll increase, I find that under ETC, driving becomes less elastic with respect to the toll and toll setting becomes less sensitive to the electoral calendar. Alternative explanations appear unlikely to be able to explain the findings.
546 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors exploit the introduction of electronic toll collection (E-ZPass), which greatly reduced both traffic congestion and vehicle emissions near highway toll plazas, and suggest that traffic congestion contributes significantly to poor health among infants.
Abstract: We exploit the introduction of electronic toll collection, (E-ZPass), which greatly reduced both traffic congestion and vehicle emissions near highway toll plazas. We show that the introduction of E-ZPass reduced prematurity and low birth weight among mothers within 2km of a toll plaza by 10.8% and 11.8% respectively relative to mothers 2-10km from a toll plaza. There were no immediate changes in the characteristics of mothers or in housing prices near toll plazas that could explain these changes. The results are robust to many changes in specification and suggest that traffic congestion contributes significantly to poor health among infants.
420 citations
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: The role of TLR biology in host defense and disease has been discussed in this article, where it has been shown that TLR signaling is associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and that the interaction between TLRs and recently identified cytosolic innate immune sensors is crucial for mounting effective immune responses.
Abstract: The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses pathogen invasion, triggers innate immune responses and primes antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Although TLRs are critical for host defense, it has become apparent that loss of negative regulation of TLR signaling, as well as recognition of self molecules by TLRs, are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, it is now clear that the interaction between TLRs and recently identified cytosolic innate immune sensors is crucial for mounting effective immune responses. Here we describe the recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease.
402 citations